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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

Any field or review title

Field or topic

Source

Review versions

1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care

current versions

No studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Primary health professional‐led psychological interventions vs usual or no care Adverse events (RR > 1 denotes greater risk of harm) · adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 2.22 [0.23, 21.34]	4 studies · 1242 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Clinical recovery ‐ harmful or hazardous alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.28 [0.94, 1.74]	4 studies · 872 participants	Low
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Prevalence of methamphetamine use (1 to 6 months post intervention) (RR < 1 denotes lower prevalence compared to control) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.91, 1.13]	1 study · 882 participants	Low
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention) ‐ risk of hazardous or harmful alcohol use · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 667 participants	Moderate
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol and substance use (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 540 participants	Moderate
Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions vs usual care Functional impairment/disability ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention) Measured by WHODAS 2.0 (higher score = higher disability) · adults with common mental disorders (CMDs) Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 1399 participants	Low
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Quality of life · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Functional impairment (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 498 participants	Low
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Service utilisation ‐ unplanned hospitalisations (1 to 6 months post intervention) (RR < 1 denotes lower risk) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.29, 2.72]	1 study · 336 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care Adverse events ‐ deaths (RR < 1 denotes lower risk) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.34 [0.1, 1.18]	3 studies · 1025 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical recovery ‐ harmful or hazardous alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.77, 1.12]	3 studies · 1075 participants	Moderate
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Prevalence of cannabis use (1 to 6 months post intervention) (RR < 1 denotes lower prevalence compared to control) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.1 [0.67, 1.8]	1 study · 152 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ risk of harmful or hazardous drinking (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 1075 participants	Low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ overall risk of harmful or hazardous alcohol and substance use (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 705 participants	Moderate
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Quality of life (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	MD 0	1 study · 560 participants	Moderate
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Functional impairmentÂ · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions vs usual care Service utilisation (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adults with common mental disorders (CMDs) Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.43 [0.11, 1.66]	1 study · 493 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Service utilisation (1 to 6 months post intervention) ‐ incidence of visits to primary care centres due to alcohol consumption (RR > 1 denotes greater risk) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0 [0.01, 2.5]	1 study · 107 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Adverse events (1 to 6 months post intervention) ‐ incidence of alcohol‐related consequences ‐ accidents (RR > 1 denotes greater risk) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.23 [0.03, 1.97]	1 study · 107 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical recovery ‐ harmful or dependent alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention) Defined by AUDIT score < 8 (RR > 1 denotes higher likelihood of recovery) · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.87 [0.9, 3.9]	1 study · 121 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Prevalence of alcohol dependence (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 121 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ depression (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 121 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Quality of life · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Functional impairment (1 to 6 months post intervention) · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 121 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Service utilisation ‐ Unplanned hospitalisation in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk of hospitalisation) · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.26, 1.88]	1 study · 112 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk of death) · adult patients with alcohol dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.7]	1 study · 135 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions vs usual care Adverse events RR < 1 indicates lower risk of adverse eventsÂ · adults with common mental disorders (CMDs) Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 1014 participants	Low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical recovery · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Prevalence of morphine use · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.63, 1.8]	1 study · 173 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (< 1 month post intervention) · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	MD 0.1	1 study · 155 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Clinical symptoms ‐ drug use (< 1 month post intervention) ‐ heroin · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 155 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Quality of life (< 1 month post intervention) ‐ social functioning · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	48.36 [41.8, 54.92]	1 study · 155 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Functional impairment · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Service utilisation · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care Adverse events · adult patients with substance dependence Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Recovery from severe mental disorders · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Prevalence of severe mental disorders · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care vs usual care Recovery from CMD ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention) Recovery defined by GDS ≤ 11a; HDRS < 7b; HDRS < 8c; PHQ‐9 < 6d; PHQ‐9 < 5 or 50% reduction from baselinee (RR > 1 denotes greater likelihood of recovery) · adults with common mental disorders Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 2.26 [1.5, 3.43]	5 studies · 804 participants	Low
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Schizophrenia symptoms severity ‐ immediately post intervention Assessed by BPRSa; PANSSb (Chatterjee 2014) (higher scores = greater symptom severity) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 364 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Caregiver burden symptom severity ‐ immediately post intervention Assessed by Burden Assessment Schedule (higher scores = higher burden) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 253 participants	Low
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Quality of life · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Functional impairment ‐ immediately post intervention Assessed by IDEASb; SDSSa (lower scores = less functional impairment) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 364 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Service utilisation ‐ hospitalisation during intervention (RR > 1 denotes greater risk)Â · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 8.64 [1.17, 63.92]	1 study · 282 participants	Very low
Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care Adverse events ‐ death from suicide during intervention (RR > 1 denotes greater risk)Â · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.51 [0.03, 8.03]	1 study · 282 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Clinical recovery from severe mental disorder (immediately post intervention) Defined by BPRS decreased by ≥ 80% (RR > 1 denotes greater likelihood of recovery) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.81, 1.44]	1 study · 76 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Relapse of severe mental disorder (immediately post intervention) Defined by re‐appearance of symptoms or worsening of symptoms necessitating adjustment of medicationa; Li 2002; based on 1 item scoring ≥ 5 or 2 items scoring ≥ 4 in items 4, 7, 11,... · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.3 [0.16, 0.55]	4 studies · 492 participants	Very low
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Prevalence of severe mental disorder · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Schizophrenia symptoms severity (immediately post intervention) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 836 participants	Very low
Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care vs usual care Prevalence of CMD ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention) Diagnosis defined by presence of ICD‐10 diagnosis on CIS‐Rg; prevalence defined by [Total number ‐ number recovered (recovery defined by HDRS < 8)]c (RR < 1 denotes lower prev... · adults with common mental disorders Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.32, 1.01]	2 studies · 2820 participants	Low