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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol
current versionsNo studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pregabalin vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, Physician Withdrawal Checklist (PWCL), end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Pregabalin vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Captodiame vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Captodiame vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Captodiame vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire (BWSQ), end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.8, 3.09] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Captodiame vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Paroxetine vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.88, 2.39] | 3 studies · 221 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Paroxetine vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, BWSQ, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 99 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, BWSQ, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.52, 1.28] | 2 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.2 [1.27, 3.82] | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, Physician Withdrawal Checklist, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Alpidem vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.17, 0.99] | 1 study · 25 participants | Low |
Valproate vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Very low |
Alpidem vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Alpidem vs placebo Withdrawal syndrome (clinical diagnosis), end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.86 [1.12, 21.14] | 1 study · 145 participants | Low |
Alpidem vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Buspirone vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.37] | 4 studies · 143 participants | Low |
Buspirone vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.34, 1.05] | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Buspirone vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Buspirone vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Melatonin vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.73, 1.96] | 4 studies · 219 participants | Very low |
Melatonin vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.47, 2.27] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Melatonin vs placebo Benzodiazpine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Valproate vs placebo or no intervention Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Melatonin vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Flumazenil vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Flumazenil vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Flumazenil vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 58 participants | Very low |
Flumazenil vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Progesterone vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.52, 2.54] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Progesterone vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Progesterone vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Progesterone vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium aspartate vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.66, 0.96] | 1 study · 144 participants | Very low |
Carbamazepine vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.99, 1.8] | 3 studies · 147 participants | Low |
Magnesium aspartate vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium aspartate vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium aspartate vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Homéogène 46/Sedatif PC (homeopathic drugs) vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.36, 1.7] | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Homéogène 46/Sedatif PC (homeopathic drugs) vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Homéogène 46/Sedatif PC (homeopathic drugs) vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Homéogène 46/Sedatif PC (homeopathic drugs) vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Carbamazepine vs tricyclic antidepressant Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.78, 1.29] | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Carbamazepine vs tricyclic antidepressant Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Carbamazepine vs tricyclic antidepressant Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Carbamazepine vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.86, 2.29] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |