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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Amisulpride (2 RCTs; 841 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 841 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Granisetron (15 RCTs; 1639 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 1639 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Ondansetron (57 RCTs; 12260 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 57 studies · 12260 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Palonosetron (7 RCTs; 1259 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1259 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Ramosetron (14 RCTs; 1529 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1529 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Tropisetron (10 RCTs; 1656 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1656 participants | Low |
Intervention NR D2 receptor antagonists · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Amisulpride (2 RCTs; 904 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 904 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Droperidol (22 RCTs; 3679 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 3679 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Haloperidol (2 RCTs; 99 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 99 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Metoclopramide (11 RCTs; 1313 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1313 participants | Very low |
Risk of transient neurological symptoms with spinal lidocaine vs other local anaesthetic Presence of any TNS –lidocaine vs bupivacaine · adult undergoing surgery Transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.09, 0.28] | 12 studies · 1220 participants | Moderate |
Risk of transient neurological symptoms with spinal lidocaine vs other local anaesthetic Presence of any TNS – lidocaine vs 2‐chloroprocaine · adult undergoing surgery Transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.51] | 2 studies · 94 participants | Low |
Risk of transient neurological symptoms with spinal lidocaine vs other local anaesthetic Presence of any TNS – lidocaine vs levobupivacaine · adult undergoing surgery Transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.02, 0.69] | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Risk of transient neurological symptoms with spinal lidocaine vs other local anaesthetic Presence of any TNS – lidocaine vs mepivacaine · adult undergoing surgery Transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.18, 5.82] | 4 studies · 274 participants | Very low |
Risk of transient neurological symptoms with spinal lidocaine vs other local anaesthetic Presence of any TNS – lidocaine vs prilocaine · adult undergoing surgery Transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.07, 0.49] | 4 studies · 429 participants | Moderate |
Risk of transient neurological symptoms with spinal lidocaine vs other local anaesthetic Presence of any TNS – lidocaine vs procaine · adult undergoing surgery Transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.04, 0.52] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Moderate |
Risk of transient neurological symptoms with spinal lidocaine vs other local anaesthetic Presence of any TNS – lidocaine vs ropivacaine · adult undergoing surgery Transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.01, 0.78] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Low |
Bispectral index vs clinical signs Occurrence of intraoperative awareness Time points of measure after surgery: 2 to 6 hours;12 hours; 1 day; 2 days; 3 days; 14 days; 30 days; or time point was not reported Measurement tools: simple questioning; interviews; or structured questionna... · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.36 [0.21, 0.6] | 27 studies · 9765 participants | Low |
Bispectral index vs clinical signs Time to eye opening (in minutes) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 1494 participants | Low |
Bispectral index vs clinical signs Time to orientation (in minutes) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Bispectral index vs clinical signs Time to discharge from the PACU (in minutes) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 930 participants | Low |
BIS vs ETAG Occurrence of intraoperative awareness Time points of measure after surgery: 24 hours; 24 to 72 hours; 72 hours; 30 days; 18 hours after extubation in the ICU Measurement tools: structured interviews; or structured questionnaire · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.13 [0.56, 2.26] | 5 studies · 26572 participants | Low |
BIS vs ETAG Time to eye opening · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BIS vs ETAG Time to orientation · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BIS vs ETAG Time to discharge from the PACU (in minutes) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia; types of anaesthesia included propofol, desflurane,… Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15452 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Mortality (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 38 studies · 3418 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 2 studies · 76 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Pulmonary complications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (0 to 2 weeks) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Risk of neurological complications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Duration of tracheal intubation · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 271 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Pain at rest at 6 to 8hours after surgery (score from 0 to 10) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.12 | 2 studies · 90 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs peripheral nerve blocks Haemodynamic support (in hospital) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | RD 0.05 | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Mortality (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Pulmonary complications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 26 studies · 2713 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter) (0 to 2 weeks) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Risk of neurologicalcomplications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Duration of tracheal intubation · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Pain at rest at 6 to 8 hours (score from 0 to 10) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.84 [0.31, 1.37] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs intrapleural analgesia Haemodynamic support (in hospital) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Mortallity (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Pulmonary complications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (0 to 2 weeks) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Risk of neurologicalcomplications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Pulmonary complications (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 1736 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs wound infiltration Duration of tracheal intubation · adults undergoing cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 37 participants | Very low |