Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

199 questions · 208 findings · 27 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

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No studies found 5 · 2.4%GRADE not reported 6 · 2.9%Very low 45 · 21.6%Low 79 · 38%Moderate 59 · 28.4%High 14 · 6.7%

Intervention not reported

Self‐reported heroin use · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in self‐reported heroin use (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 501 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Cocaine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in cocaine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.1
6 studies · 919 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Benzodiazepine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in benzodiazepine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.05
6 studies · 859 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Retention in treatment · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention leads to higher retention in treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.82 [1.15, 2.9]
5 studies · 1001 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Morphine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in morphine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 729 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Benzodiazepine‐positive urines · People with opioid dependence.

The intervention showed no clear difference in benzodiazepine‐positive urines (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 336 participants
Moderate

Social competence vs usual curricula

Marijuana use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Social competence showed no clear difference in marijuana use < 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.81, 1.01]
4 studies · 9456 participants
Moderate

Combined programmes vs usual curricula

Hard drug use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Combined programmes showed no clear difference in hard drug use < 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.63, 1.14]
1 study · 693 participants
High

Combined programmes vs usual curricula

Hard drugs use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Combined programmes showed no clear difference in hard drugs use ≥12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.39, 1.9]
2 studies · 1066 participants
High

Combined programmes vs usual curricula

Any drug use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Combined programmes leads to lower any drugs use < 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.76 [0.64, 0.89]
1 study · 6362 participants
High

Social competence vs usual curricula

Marijuana use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Social competence showed no clear difference in marijuana use ≥ 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.74, 1]
1 study · 2678 participants
High

Social competence vs usual curricula

Hard drug use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Social competence showed no clear difference in hard drug use < 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.4, 1.18]
1 study · 2090 participants
Moderate

Social competence vs usual curricula

Hard drugs use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1075 participants
High

Social competence vs usual curricula

Any drug use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Social competence probably leads to lower any drug use < 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.27 [0.14, 0.51]
2 studies · 2512 participants
Moderate

Social influence vs usual curricula

Marijuana use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Social influence showed no clear difference in marijuana use < 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.72, 1.07]
3 studies · 10716 participants
Moderate

Social influence vs usual curricula

Marijuana use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Social influence showed no clear difference in marijuana use ≥ 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.81, 1.13]
1 study · 5862 participants
Moderate

Combined programmes vs usual curricula

Marijuana use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Combined programmes showed no clear difference in marijuana use < 12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.59, 1.05]
3 studies · 8701 participants
Moderate

Combined programmes vs usual curricula

Marijuana use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils

Combined programmes probably leads to lower marijuana use ≥12 months Subjective compared with usual curricula (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.69, 0.99]
6 studies · 26910 participants
Moderate

GHB 50mg vs placebo be used

points withdrawal scale ‐ 7 hours · people with alcohol withdrawal

1 finding from 1 review

Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Very low

GHB 50mg vs GHB 100 mg be used

side‐effects ‐ side‐effects causing abandon · people with alcohol withdrawal

GHB 50mg showed no clear difference in side‐effects ‐ side‐effects causing abandon compared with GHB 100 mg be used (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.66]
1 study · 65 participants
Low