Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological showed no clear difference in drug use (objective) hair and urine analyses compared with no intervention (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.51, 1]
2 studies · 237 participants
Low
Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.31, 1.18]
3 studies · 317 participants
Low
Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 510 participants
Low

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Arrests · drug‐using offenders

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological showed no clear difference in criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Arrests official records compared with no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.32, 1.14]
1 study · 62 participants
Low

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Criminal activity ‐ Re‐incarceration · drug‐using offenders

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological showed no clear difference in criminal activity dichotomous ‐ Re‐incarceration official records compared with no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.36, 1.64]
3 studies · 472 participants
Low

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Criminal activity continuous mean number of crime dayes · drug‐using offenders

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 51 participants
Low

Light interventions (6/7): Bright light at night plus glasses vs normal light and no glasses

Sleepiness during the night shift, postintervention; · Shift workers

1 finding from 1 review

Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 17 participants
Very low

Nap interventions (1/2): Nap at night (single nap opportunity) vs no‐nap

Sleepiness during the night shift, postintervention; · Shift workers

5 findings from 1 review

Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 16 participants
Very low
Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 8 participants
Low
Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 49 participants
Low

Show 2 more findings

Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 7 participants
Very low
Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 9 participants
Very low

Light interventions (7/7): Bright light plus glasses during day vs normal light and no glasses

Total sleep time, next night; · Shift workers

1 finding from 1 review

Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 3 participants
Low

Light interventions (7/7): Bright light plus glasses during day vs normal light and no glasses

Sleep onset latency, next night; · Shift workers

1 finding from 1 review

Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 3 participants
Low

Light interventions (7/7): Bright light plus glasses during day vs normal light and no glasses

Sleep efficiency · Shift workers

1 finding from 1 review

Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 3 participants
Low

Other interventions (1/1): Physical exercise and sleep hygiene education vs WAIT LIST

Quality of sleep · Shift workers

1 finding from 1 review

Person‐directed, non‐pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 32 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Component · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found