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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

211 questions · 214 findings · 24 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 44 · 20.6%GRADE not reported 12 · 5.6%Very low 91 · 42.5%Low 61 · 28.5%Moderate 5 · 2.3%High 1 · 0.5%

Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm born neonates

Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental outcome assessed by any standard tool compared with late amino acids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

More frequent (less than eight hours) vs less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric residual volume

Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether more frequent (less than eight hours) changes mortality (at the end of compared with less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

More frequent (less than eight hours) vs less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric residual volume

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether more frequent (less than eight hours) changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with less frequent (eight hours or greater) monitoring of gastric… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume

Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether no monitoring changes mortality (at the end of compared with frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether no monitoring changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes mortality (at the end of compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review