Single dose showed no clear difference in fever compared with multiple dose antibiotic (low certainty).
Single dose showed no clear difference in UTI compared with multiple dose antibiotic (moderate certainty).
Single dose showed no clear difference in hospitalization compared with multiple dose antibiotic (low certainty).
Oral showed no clear difference in bacteriuria compared with systemic antibiotic (IM or IV) (moderate certainty).
Oral showed no clear difference in fever compared with systemic antibiotic (IM or IV) (moderate certainty).
Oral showed no clear difference in UTI compared with systemic antibiotic (IM or IV) (moderate certainty).
Oral showed no clear difference in hospitalization compared with systemic antibiotic (IM or IV) (low certainty).
Probiotics showed no clear difference in all symptomatic UTI by 1 year compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).
Probiotics showed no clear difference in febrile UTI by 1 year compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).
Probiotics may leads to lower E. coli resistance to prophylactic drug compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).
Probiotics showed no clear difference in renal parenchymal defects on DMSA scan ‐ Patient data at 1 year compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether grommets changes proportion of patients who have no AOM recurrences at 6 months… compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether grommets changes total number of AOM recurrences at 6 months post‐randomisation compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (very low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes rifaximin (1 RCT, 299 participants) (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes norfloxacin (no direct RCT) (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes rifaximin (3 RCTs, 418 participants) (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes ciprofloxacin (3 RCT; 255 participants) (very low certainty).