Operative birth (caesarean or instrumental vaginal) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position leads to higher operative birth (caesarean or instrumental vaginal) compared with recumbent position (sensitivity analyses ‐ studies at low risk of… (high certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position leads to higher caesarean section compared with recumbent position (sensitivity analyses ‐ studies at low risk of… (high certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position showed no clear difference in instrumental vaginal birth compared with recumbent position (sensitivity analyses ‐ studies at low risk of… (low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Trauma to birth canal requiring suturing · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position showed no clear difference in trauma to birth canal requiring suturing compared with recumbent position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Blood loss (greater than 500 mL) (trial authors defined it as PPH requiring blood transfusion) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Upright position showed no clear difference in blood loss (greater than 500 mL) (trial authors defined it as PPH… compared with recumbent position (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Infant outcomes · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, requiring intervention · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
It is very uncertain whether upright position changes abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, requiring intervention compared with recumbent position (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Assisted vaginal birth — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Length of labour (hours) · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity — first stage of labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Sense of control in labour Seven point scale, 29 items range ‘1=almost always’, to ‘7=rarely’ · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review