Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo

Global assessment of efficacy ≥ 50% improvement in pain Medium‐term · adults with low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
Very low

Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo

Adverse eventsc · adults with low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
Very low

Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo

Serious adverse eventsd · adults with low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs placebo or control

Pain (PIPP) · neonates

3 findings from 1 review

Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 547 participants
Moderate
Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 227 participants
Low
Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 164 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs placebo or control

PIPP ‐ Preterm infants · neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 192 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs placebo or control

DAN scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 10 · neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 32 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs placebo or control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 56 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs placebo + standard care

Fatigue · systemic lupus erythematosus

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 17 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs placebo + standard care

Functional capacity · systemic lupus erythematosus

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 17 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs placebo + standard care

Pain (SF‐36 Bodily Pain domain, score 0‐100, lower scores indicate less pain) · systemic lupus erythematosus

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 17 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs placebo + standard care

Disease activity ‐ not measured · systemic lupus erythematosus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs placebo + standard care

Quality of life ‐ not measured · systemic lupus erythematosus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs placebo + standard care

Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · systemic lupus erythematosus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs placebo + standard care

Withdrawals due to any reason · systemic lupus erythematosus

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care changes withdrawals due to any reason compared with placebo plus usual pharmacological care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.73 [0.34, 22.16]
1 study · 21 participants
Very low

Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo

Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 3 to 5 years CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo

Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

It is very uncertain whether tramadol changes all‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization compared with no treatment or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.7]
1 study · 71 participants
Very low