What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding showed no clear difference in risk of NEC stage ≥ 2 or SIPb,c compared with discarding gastric residuals (low certainty).

• Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.25, 2.04]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality before hospital discharge compared with discarding gastric residuals (low certainty).

• Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.14, 1.85]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

• Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding changes number of infants with feed interruption episodes lasting ≥ 12 hours compared with discarding gastric residuals (very low certainty).

• Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.42, 1.52]
  1 study · 59 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

• Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.8, 1.27]
  5 studies · 516 participants
  Moderate

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.6, 1.12]
  5 studies · 516 participants
  Moderate

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.9, 2.33]
  5 studies · 397 participants
  Moderate

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.6]
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.96]
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.06, 13.7]
  1 study · 83 participants
  Low

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

• Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.1, 1.44]
  5 studies · 358 participants
  Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

• Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.38, 3.59]
  4 studies · 287 participants
  Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

• Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 367 participants
  Very low