Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,584 questions · 3,695 findings · 567 reviews

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No studies found 784 · 21.2%GRADE not reported 308 · 8.3%Very low 1,036 · 28%Low 971 · 26.3%Moderate 440 · 11.9%High 156 · 4.2%

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

Number of infants with feed interruption episodes (lasting ≥ 12 hours) · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding changes number of infants with feed interruption episodes lasting ≥ 12 hours compared with discarding gastric residuals (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.8 [0.42, 1.52]
1 study · 59 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

Number of TPN days · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.8, 1.27]
5 studies · 516 participants
Moderate

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.6, 1.12]
5 studies · 516 participants
Moderate

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.45 [0.9, 2.33]
5 studies · 397 participants
Moderate

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.6]
1 study · 87 participants
Low

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.96]
1 study · 87 participants
Low

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.06, 13.7]
1 study · 83 participants
Low

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Death (any cause) · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.1, 1.44]
5 studies · 358 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Kidney failure · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.16 [0.38, 3.59]
4 studies · 287 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in GFR · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 367 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in 24‐hour urinary protein excretion · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Malnutrition · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 471 participants
GRADE not reported

Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses

Pain(measured as proportion with pain) · children with asymptomatic flat feet

Custom foot orthoses showed no clear difference in pain(measured as proportion with pain) compared with prefabricated foot orthoses (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Foot orthoses for treating paediatric flat feet 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.73, 1.18]
Studies not reported
Low