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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any pessary vs control, waiting list or no active treatment Psychological outcome measures at ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any pessary vs control, waiting list or no active treatment Number of women with adverse events (vaginal bleeding, voiding difficulty) · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Perceived resolution of prolapse symptoms ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Women's perceived improvement of prolapse symptoms (higher score = worse symptoms) · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 117 participants | Low |
Any pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Prolapse‐specific quality of life (higher score = worse QoL) · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence in late pregnancy · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.2, 0.72] | 6 studies · 624 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence in late pregnancy · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.44, 1.13] | 3 studies · 345 participants | Very low |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence mid‐postnatal period(> 3‐6 months) · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.7, 1.24] | 1 study · 187 participants | Low |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence late postnatal period(> 6‐12 months) · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.13, 1.93] | 2 studies · 869 participants | Very low |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence in late pregnancy · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence mid‐postnatal period(> 3‐6 months) · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence late postnatal period(> 6‐12 months) · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence‐specific quality of life (ICIQ‐SF)Scale from: 0 to 10 (higher worse) · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 3.5 | 1 study · 41 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence‐specific quality of life · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Adverse events · pregnant women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence in late pregnancy · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.64, 0.94] | 11 studies · 3307 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence mid‐postnatal period(> 3 to 6 months) · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.54, 0.95] | 5 studies · 673 participants | High |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence mid‐postnatal period(> 3 to 6 months) · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.55, 0.97] | 5 studies · 1921 participants | Low |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.63, 1.14] | 2 studies · 244 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence in late pregnancy · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.36, 1.14] | 3 studies · 910 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence mid‐postnatal period(> 3 to 6 months) · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence‐specific quality of life (ICIQ‐SF)Scale from: 0 to 10 (higher worse) · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 | 1 study · 190 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence‐specific quality of life (CRAIQ‐7) · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 2.6 | 1 study · 74 participants | Low |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Adverse events · pregnant women, some of who were incontinent symptoms and some who were not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · postnatal women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.29, 1.07] | 3 studies · 696 participants | Low |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · postnatal women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.24, 1.94] | 2 studies · 620 participants | Very low |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.65, 2.21] | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence‐specific quality of life(BFLUTS) · postnatal women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 1.66 | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence‐specific quality of life · postnatal women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Adverse events · postnatal women who were incontinent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · postnatal women some of whom had incontinent symptoms and some of whom had not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.71, 1.09] | 3 studies · 826 participants | Moderate |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · postnatal women some of whom had incontinent symptoms and some of whom had not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.13, 4.21] | 1 study · 107 participants | Low |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence‐specific quality of life (IIQ‐7)Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher worse) · postnatal women some of whom had incontinent symptoms and some of whom had not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.5 | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence‐specific quality of life (FIQOL scale) · postnatal women some of whom had incontinent symptoms and some of whom had not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 170 participants | Ungraded |
Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Adverse events · postnatal women some of whom had incontinent symptoms and some of whom had not when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence in late pregnancy · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence mid‐postnatal period(> 3 to 6 months) · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence late postnatal period(> 6 to 12 months) · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Urinary incontinence‐specific quality of life (ICIQ‐SF)Scale from: 0 to 10 (higher worse) · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 2.42 | 1 study · 152 participants | Moderate |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Faecal incontinence‐specific quality of life · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antenatal pelvic floor muscle training vs control Adverse events · pregnant women who were continent when randomised Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs open colposuspension Subjective cure within 18 months: laparoscopic colposuspension using sutures · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.99, 1.08] | 6 studies · 755 participants | High |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs midurethral sling procedures Subjective cure within 18 months: laparoscopic colposuspension using mesh versus TVT · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.55, 0.91] | 1 study · 121 participants | Low |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs midurethral sling procedures Quality of life · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 385 participants | Ungraded |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs midurethral sling procedures Repeat continence surgery: · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.04, 3.62] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs midurethral sling procedures Adverse effects: perioperative complications (number of events) · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.6, 1.64] | 7 studies · 514 participants | Low |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs midurethral sling procedures Adverse effects: bladder perforations · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs midurethral sling procedures Adverse effects: de novo detrusor overactivity (urodynamic diagnosis) · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.34, 1.88] | 4 studies · 326 participants | Low |
Laparoscopic colposuspension vs midurethral sling procedures Adverse effects: voiding dysfunction · women with urinary incontinence Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.47, 2.41] | 5 studies · 412 participants | Moderate |