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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Amitriptyline vs nomifensine Adverse effects · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Venlafaxine vs no treatment > 50% reduction in depressive symptoms · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3.25 [1.19, 8.9] | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
Venlafaxine vs no treatment Mean depression scores (HAMD scores; lower = better) · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
Venlafaxine vs no treatment Seizure frequency · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Venlafaxine vs no treatment Withdrawals · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Venlafaxine vs no treatment Cognitive functioning · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Paroxetine vs doxepin Mean depression scores (HAMD scores; lower = better) · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Venlafaxine vs no treatment Quality of life · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Venlafaxine vs no treatment Adverse effects · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy > 50% reduction in depressive symptoms · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy Mean depression scores (BDI scores; lower = better) · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 117 participants | Moderate |
Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy Seizure frequency · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy Withdrawals · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.64, 2.46] | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy Cognitive functioning · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy Quality of life (QOLIE‐89 scale; lower = better) · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 118 participants | Moderate |
Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy Adverse effects · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR > 50% reduction in depressive symptoms · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 45 participants | Low |
Paroxetine vs doxepin Seizure frequency · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Mean depression scores (HAMD scores; lower = better) · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Seizure frequency · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 88 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Withdrawals · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognitive functioning · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Quality of life · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 88 participants | Low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy > 50% reduction in depressive symptoms · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy Mean depression scores (BDI scores; lower = better) · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy Seizure frequency · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy Withdrawals · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.05, 3.85] | 15 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs doxepin Withdrawals · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.74] | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy Cognitive functioning · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy Quality of life ‐ QOLIE‐31 scale · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy Adverse effects ‐ adverse event profile · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Paroxetine vs doxepin Cognitive functioning · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Paroxetine vs doxepin Quality of life · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Paroxetine vs doxepin Adverse effects · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Amitriptyline vs nomifensine > 50% reduction in depressive symptoms · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.28, 1.06] | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Amitriptyline vs nomifensine Mean depression scores · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs control Reduction in seizure frequency: the proportion of people with a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency following the treatment period · adults and children with epilepsy Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 109 participants | Low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs control Reduction in seizure frequency: the difference in pre‐ and post‐treatment seizure rates · adults and children with epilepsy Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 225 participants | Low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs control Improvement in quality of life: the difference in quality of life scores for participants surveyed before and after treatment · adults and children with epilepsy Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine oral (2 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg) Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) Proportion of children who had sedation failure after 1 dose of sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4.33 [1.35, 13.89] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) Proportion of children who had sedation failure after 2 doses of sedative agent (same or different) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.33, 27.46] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) Non‐interpretable neuroimaging finding · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.03, 1.94] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Chloral hydrate oral (75 mg/kg) vs pentobarbital intravenous (5 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: oxygen desaturation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.21, 2.16] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) Proportion of children with inadequate level of sedation (Ramsay score below 4) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.03, 0.44] | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) Proportion of children who had sedation failure after 1 dose of sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.02, 1.12] | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |