Perineal bruising within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes perineal bruising within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal redness, oedema, bruising, discharge, wound gaping within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal pain between 24 ‐ 48 after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe… compared with no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Opinion on treatment effects (good + very good + excellent) Day 5 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Opinion on treatment… compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Satisfaction with overall perineal care (good + very good + excellent) Day 10 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Satisfaction with… compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal oedema within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal oedema within 24 hours of giving birth compared with no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth compared with no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal bruising 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal bruising 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth compared with no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal redness, oedema, bruising, discharge, wound gaping 24 ‐ 48 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth
1 finding from 1 review
Low birthweight · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period
Any supplement containing iodine showed no clear difference in low birthweight compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Neonatal hypothyroidism or elevated TSH · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period
It is very uncertain whether any supplement containing iodine changes neonatal hypothyroidism or elevated TSH compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Neonatal adverse effect: elevated TPO‐ab · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period
It is very uncertain whether any supplement containing iodine changes neonatal adverse effect: elevated TPO‐ab compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perinatal mortality · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period
Any supplement containing iodine showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Sex/gender differences in fluoride intake or dental-care-product contribution · Participants stratified by sex/gender (especially young children)
No study has taken sex/gender into account when assessing fluoride intake, especially in young children.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found
Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · children
For children in low-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 39% (SD 24%).
1 finding from 1 review
Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · children
For children in extremely fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 3% (SD 2%).
1 finding from 1 review