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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

411 questions · 420 findings · 42 reviews

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No studies found 99 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 35 · 8.3%Very low 135 · 32.1%Low 114 · 27.1%Moderate 34 · 8.1%High 3 · 0.7%

Probiotics vs placebo

Proven sepsis (positive bacterial culture, local or systemic) · neonates born from 35 weeks of gestation who have underdone gastrointestinal surgery

Summary of findings table ‐ Probiotics showed no clear difference in proven sepsis (positive bacterial culture, local or systemic) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 1 event · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 3 events · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (the number of acute URTIs over a period of time) · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower incidence rate of acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were absent from childcare centre, school, or work due to acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly

It is very uncertain whether intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics changes number of participants who were absent from childcare centre,… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review