What do systematic reviews say?

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care may leads to lower time to life‐saving cardiovascular intervention ( compared with best supportive care (low certainty).

• Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for central sleep apnoea in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES)

• Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 144 participants
  Low

NMES vs usual care with or without sham interventions

NMES showed no clear difference in minor adverse events assessed: related to intervention only (e.g.… compared with usual care (with or without sham NMES) (low certainty).

• Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  5 studies · 139 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Singing for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 58 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Singing for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 52 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Singing for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 52 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Singing for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Inspiratory muscle training vs control

• Inspiratory muscle training for asthma 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 18 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings (water exercise vs no exercise

• Water‐based exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  19 participants
  Low

Summary of findings (water exercise vs land exercise)

• Water‐based exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  60 participants
  Low

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no intervention

• Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 190 participants
  Low

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no intervention

• Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 275 participants
  Moderate

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no intervention

• Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 97 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  17 studies · 22819 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 679 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 7569 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1759 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 5681 participants
  GRADE not reported