What do systematic reviews say?

Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide

It is very uncertain whether calcium carbonate changes abnormal bone biopsy Bone histology compared with aluminium hydroxide (very low certainty).

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.13, 0.95]
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Calcium carbonate vs aluminium hydroxide

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Calcium hydroxide (CH) vs Zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE)

• Pulp management for caries in adults: maintaining pulp vitality 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 months
  Shovelton 1971 (Analysis 1.1): 275 teeth followed for 2 years (235 at 6 months, 160 at 12 months, 85 analysed at 24 months). Success rates 50% to 80%. Ledermix and calcium hydroxide had the highest success rates,…
  1 study · 275 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 517 participants
  Low

Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium

• Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium carbonate

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium carbonate

• Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low

Calcium-based agent vs Fluoride agent (e.g., NaF/SDF/KF/CaF2)

In the Self-Etch adhesive + chemical ACAD protocol network, Calcium vs Fluorine showed no significant difference in 24 h bond strength (MD -0.523, 95% CI -5.404 to 4.358; Low certainty).

• Biomimetic Remineralization Strategies for Dentin Bond Stability-Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  24 h (immediate) · In vitro; extracted permanent human teeth; bond strength testing (SBS/microSBS/microTBS) · Self-Etch + chemical ACAD
  MD -0.523 [-5.404, 4.358]
  3 studies
  Low

Calcium-based agent vs No biomimetic remineralization (control)

In the Self-Etch adhesive + chemical ACAD protocol network, Calcium vs Control showed no significant difference in 24 h bond strength (MD -1.124, 95% CI -5.917 to 3.670; Moderate certainty).

• Biomimetic Remineralization Strategies for Dentin Bond Stability-Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomes

  24 h (immediate) · In vitro; extracted permanent human teeth; bond strength testing (SBS/microSBS/microTBS) · Self-Etch + chemical ACAD
  MD -1.124 [-5.917, 3.670]
  2 studies
  Moderate

CPP-ACP vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Compared with baseline, CPP-ACP significantly improved white spot lesions on QLF (SMD -0.43, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.07; ungraded).

• Evaluation of the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on remineralization of white spot… 2019 All outcomes

  4 weeks to 1 year · Clinical (patients with white spot lesions) · CPP-ACP vs baseline
  SMD -0.43 [-0.79, -0.07]
  2 studies · 62 participants
  GRADE not reported

CPP-ACP vs Placebo paste without CPP-ACP (fluoride toothpaste control)

CPP-ACP toothpaste did not differ significantly from placebo paste (fluoride control) for white spot lesion remineralization on QLF (MD 0.08, 95% CI -0.91 to 1.08; ungraded).

• Evaluation of the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on remineralization of white spot… 2019 All outcomes

  4 weeks to 1 year · Clinical (patients with white spot lesions)
  MD 0.08 [-0.91, 1.08]
  2 studies · 129 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pair‐wise comparison of exchange blood transfusion (EBT) plus 10% calcium gluconate intravenously vs EBT alone (change from baseline)

• Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

Pair‐wise comparison of exchange blood transfusion (EBT) plus 10% calcium gluconate intravenously vs EBT alone (change from baseline)

• Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Pair‐wise comparison of exchange blood transfusion (EBT) plus 10% calcium gluconate intravenously vs EBT alone (change from baseline)

• Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Calcium hydroxide (CH) vs Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)

Evidence on dentin bridge formation for calcium hydroxide versus MTA is weak and imprecise, with no material shown superior (4 RCTs, not pooled; ungraded).

• Comparative efficacy of materials used in patients undergoing pulpotomy or direct pulp capping in carious teeth: A… 2023 All outcomes

  ≥6 months follow-up · Dental/endodontic clinical settings across multiple countries (university, hospital, specialist and general dental practice); permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure
  Four RCTs compared CH with MTA for dentin bridge formation (all used partial pulpotomy; all at low risk of bias except Qudeimat 2007). Apart from Wei 2010, trials yielded implausibly large ORs with very wide 95% CIs;…
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

Calcium hydroxide (CH) vs Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)

In immature teeth, the effect of MTA versus calcium hydroxide on success is very uncertain (OR 2.22, 95% CI 0.13-36.67; very low certainty).

• Comparative efficacy of materials used in patients undergoing pulpotomy or direct pulp capping in carious teeth: A… 2023 All outcomes

  ≥6 months; follow-up range 1-2 years · Dental/endodontic clinical settings across multiple countries (university, hospital, specialist and general dental practice); permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure · Root maturation: immature
  OR 2.22 [0.13, 36.67]
  2 studies · 106 participants
  Very low