Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,121 questions · 2,186 findings · 242 reviews

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No studies found 493 · 22.6%GRADE not reported 158 · 7.2%Very low 600 · 27.4%Low 474 · 21.7%Moderate 364 · 16.7%High 97 · 4.4%

Antibiotics vs placebo

Bacteriuria · patients submitted to transrectal prostate biopsy

Antibiotic probably leads to lower bacteriuria compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.25 [0.15, 0.42]
8 studies · 870 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Bacteremia · patients submitted to transrectal prostate biopsy

Antibiotic probably leads to lower bacteremia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.49, 0.92]
6 studies · 494 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Fever · patients submitted to transrectal prostate biopsy

Antibiotic probably leads to lower fever compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.39 [0.23, 0.64]
9 studies · 820 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

UTI · patients submitted to transrectal prostate biopsy

Antibiotic probably leads to lower UTI compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.37 [0.22, 0.62]
5 studies · 1077 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Hospitalization · patients submitted to transrectal prostate biopsy

Antibiotic probably leads to lower hospitalization compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.03, 0.55]
3 studies · 650 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Adverse event · patients submitted to transrectal prostate biopsy

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.62 [0.23, 11.56]
2 studies · 127 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs no drug or placebo

Diarrhoea · patients with Shigella dysentery

It is very uncertain whether antibiotic changes diarrhoea on compared with no drug or placebo (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.21 [0.09, 0.48]
1 study · 73 participants
Very low
Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.3 [0.15, 0.59]
1 study · 76 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs no drug or placebo

Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs no drug or placebo

Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs no drug or placebo

Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery

It is very uncertain whether antibiotic changes other adverse events clinical criteria compared with no drug or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.43 [0.06, 34.13]
1 study · 94 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs control ‐ primary outcomes

Prevention ‐ any AOM or CSOM during intervention · patients with the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children

Antibiotic probably leads to lower prevention ‐ any AOM or CSOM during intervention compared with control ‐ primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children 2006 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.65 [0.53, 0.79]
14 studies · 1461 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs control ‐ secondary outcomes

Side effects ‐ any clinical side effects during intervention · patients with the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ any clinical side effects during intervention compared with control ‐ secondary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children 2006 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.99 [0.25, 15.89]
12 studies · 817 participants
Moderate

Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin

Development of antibiotic resistance · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance haemodialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only

Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · primary VUR

Antibiotic prophylaxis showed no clear difference in symptomatic UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis compared with surveillance or no treatment (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.54, 1.09]
9 studies · 1667 participants
Low
Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.4, 1.79]
3 studies · 943 participants
Moderate

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only

Febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis · primary VUR

Antibiotic prophylaxis showed no clear difference in febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis compared with surveillance or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.56, 1.21]
9 studies · 1667 participants
Low

Summary of findings: anti‐pseudomonal antibiotics vs placebo

Antibiotic resistance: frequency of tobramycin‐resistant P aeruginosa · adults and children with cystic fibrosis and a positive microbiological isolate of P aeruginosa from a respiratory tract specimen

Summary of findings: anti‐pseudomonal antibiotics showed no clear difference in antibiotic resistance: frequency of tobramycin‐resistant P aeruginosa compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled anti‐pseudomonal antibiotics for long‐term therapy in cystic fibrosis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.95 [0.86, 4.42]
2 studies · 672 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs surgery

All‐cause mortality · adults with uncomplicated appendicitis

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics changes mortality compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.51 [0.05, 4.95]
5 studies · 2377 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs surgery

Treatment success (caries lesion arrest or restoration survival) · adults with uncomplicated appendicitis

Antibiotics may leads to lower success of treatment compared with surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.87, 0.96]
7 studies · 2471 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs surgery

Clostridium difficile diarrhoea · adults with uncomplicated appendicitis

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics changes clostridium difficile diarrhoea compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.97 [0.24, 3.89]
3 studies · 1552 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs surgery

Intra‐abdominal fluid collection, abscess · adults with uncomplicated appendicitis

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics changes intra‐abdominal abscess or collection compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.58 [0.61, 4.07]
6 studies · 1831 participants
Very low