Caesarean section · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome
AFI showed no clear difference in caesarean delivery compared with SDVP: summary of findings table (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Rate of induction of labor · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome
AFI leads to higher rate of induction of labor compared with SDVP: summary of findings table (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean delivery for fetal distress · pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome
AFI probably leads to higher caesarean delivery for fetal distress compared with SDVP: summary of findings table (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women in labour at term
It is very uncertain whether routine vaginal examination changes spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: 307(1… compared with routine rectal examination (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.98 [0.9, 1.06]
Studies not reported
Very low
Chorioamnionitis · pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Neonatal infection · pregnant women in labour at term
It is very uncertain whether routine vaginal examination changes neonatal infection (primary outcome)№ of participants: 307(1 RCT) compared with routine rectal examination (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.07]
Studies not reported
Very low
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · pregnant women in labour at term
It is very uncertain whether routine vaginal examination changes admission to neonatal intensive care unit№ of participants: 307(1 RCT) compared with routine rectal examination (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.32 [0.47, 3.73]
Studies not reported
Very low
Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
It is very uncertain whether routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations changes augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: 109(1 RCT) compared with routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.97 [0.6, 1.57]
Studies not reported
Very low
Spontaneous vaginal birth · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
It is very uncertain whether routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations changes spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: 150(1… compared with routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.02 [0.83, 1.26]
Studies not reported
Very low
Chorioamnionitis · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Neonatal infection · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
Routine vaginal examinations may leads to higher augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1 RCT) compared with vaginal examinations (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 2.55 [1.03, 6.31]
Studies not reported
Low
Spontaneous vaginal birth · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term
Routine vaginal examinations showed no clear difference in spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1… compared with vaginal examinations (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.08 [0.73, 1.59]
Studies not reported
Low