Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,355 questions · 2,459 findings · 279 reviews

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No studies found 556 · 22.6%GRADE not reported 490 · 19.9%Very low 593 · 24.1%Low 479 · 19.5%Moderate 243 · 9.9%High 98 · 4%

Intervention not reported

Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of depression · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 422 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of anxiety · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 380 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Anxiety · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 360 participants
Very low

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Failed blocks · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in failed blocks compared with no ultrasound guidance (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
22 studies · 1789 participants
Moderate

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Pain scores at 1 hour after surgery6 · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
15 studies · 982 participants
Moderate

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Block duration (0 to 1 day) · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 460 participants
High

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Time to perform block · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 680 participants
Moderate

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Number of needle passes · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 256 participants
Very low

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Minor complications (3 to 6 weeks · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in minor complications compared with no ultrasound guidance (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 896 participants
Low

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Major complications · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in major complications compared with no ultrasound guidance (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 0
22 studies · 1576 participants
Moderate

EMLA vs placebo

Pain during abdominal entry (NRS; higher = more pain) · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intraperitoneal lidocaine instillation vs IM morphine

Intraperitoneal pain (NRS; higher = more pain) · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intraperitoneal lidocaine instillation vs IM morphine

Adverse events within 48 hours post operation · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intraperitoneal lidocaine instillation vs IM morphine

Number of women requiring rescue medication · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

Intraperitoneal lidocaine instillation may leads to lower number of women requiring rescue medication compared with intramuscular morphine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.22 [0.09, 0.54]
Studies not reported
Low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs placebo

Intraperitoneal pain (NRS; higher = more pain) · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs placebo

Adverse events within 48 hours post operation · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs placebo

Number of women requiring rescue medication · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

Combination of intraperitoneal lidocaine instillation and… may leads to lower number of women requiring rescue medication compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.11 [0.03, 0.42]
Studies not reported
Low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone

Intraperitoneal pain (NRS; higher = more pain) · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone

Adverse events within 48 hours post operation · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone

Number of women requiring rescue medication · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus… showed no clear difference in number of women requiring rescue medication compared with lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.1, 2.43]
Studies not reported
Low