Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,776 questions · 7,311 findings · 959 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,498 · 20.5%GRADE not reported 303 · 4.1%Very low 1,839 · 25.2%Low 1,991 · 27.2%Moderate 1,277 · 17.5%High 403 · 5.5%

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Intervention not reported

Pain 10‐point VAS (lower score reflects better outcome) · people with non‐neurological conditions1

1 finding from 1 review

Stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 422 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Heart rate following painful procedure · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 120 participants
High

Intervention not reported

NIPS ‐ Proportion of infants in low or no pain during procedure · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 480 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Duration of cry (seconds) following heel lance · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 33 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Duration of cry (seconds) following IM injection · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 100 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Difficult tracheal intubation: low risk of bias trials · improving conditions during tracheal intubation or direct laryngoscopy in adults and adolescents

The intervention probably leads to higher difficult tracheal intubation: low risk of bias trials (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Avoidance versus use of neuromuscular blocking agents for improving conditions during tracheal intubation or direct… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 13.27 [8.19, 21.49]
4 studies · 508 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

One or more events of upper airway discomfort or injury: low risk of bias trials · improving conditions during tracheal intubation or direct laryngoscopy in adults and adolescents

The intervention led to higher one or more events of upper airway discomfort or injury: low risk of…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Avoidance versus use of neuromuscular blocking agents for improving conditions during tracheal intubation or direct… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.74 [1.21, 6.21]
1 study · 73 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Difficult laryngoscopy: low risk of bias trials · improving conditions during tracheal intubation or direct laryngoscopy in adults and adolescents

The intervention showed no clear difference in difficult laryngoscopy: low risk of bias trials; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Avoidance versus use of neuromuscular blocking agents for improving conditions during tracheal intubation or direct… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4 [0.47, 34.2]
1 study · 78 participants
GRADE not reported

Acetazolamide vs placebo

Incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · participants at risk of high altitude illness

Acetazolamide probably leads to lower incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.39, 0.56]
16 studies · 2301 participants
Moderate

Dexamethasone vs placebo

Incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · participants at risk of high altitude illness

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.36, 1]
4 studies · 176 participants
Low

Dexamethasone vs placebo

Adverse events: General‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · participants at risk of high altitude illness

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 21 participants
Very low

Acetazolamide vs placebo

Risk of high altitude pulmonary oedema · participants at risk of high altitude illness

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1138 participants
Moderate

Acetazolamide vs placebo

Incidence of high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) ‐ not reported · participants at risk of high altitude illness

Acetazolamide showed no clear difference in incidence of high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE)‐ Follow‐ up: From… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.48]
6 studies · 1126 participants
Moderate

Acetazolamide vs placebo

Adverse events: Paresthesias‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · participants at risk of high altitude illness

Acetazolamide may leads to higher adverse events: Paresthesias‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.53 [2.81, 10.88]
5 studies · 789 participants
Low

Acetazolamide vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · participants at risk of high altitude illness

Acetazolamide may leads to higher adverse events: side effects‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.19 [1.36, 3.53]
1 study · 400 participants
Low

Budesonide vs placebo

Incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival to 24 hours later · participants at risk of high altitude illness

Budesonide may leads to lower incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS)‐ Follow‐ up: From arrival… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.37 [0.23, 0.61]
2 studies · 132 participants
Low

Budesonide vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · participants at risk of high altitude illness

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly‐used classes of drugs 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Very low

Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported