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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,289 questions · 2,331 findings · 195 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 480 · 20.6%GRADE not reported 288 · 12.4%Very low 467 · 20%Low 630 · 27%Moderate 338 · 14.5%High 128 · 5.5%

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Recurrent pyelonephritis · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes recurrent pyelonephritis compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Recurrent UTI (cystitis) · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes recurrent UTI (cystitis) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Birthweight < 2500 (g) · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes birthweight < 2500 (g) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes five‐minute Apgar score < seven compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Miscarriage · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes miscarriages compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Viral influenza vaccine vs control

Infant death (up to 175 days) · Pregnant women aged 18 to 38 years and an estimated gestation of 20 to 36 weeks.

Viral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in infant death (up to 175 days) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Viral influenza vaccine vs control

Perinatal death (stillbirth + death in first week of life) · Pregnant women aged 18 to 38 years and an estimated gestation of 20 to 36 weeks.

Viral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in perinatal death (stillbirth + death in first week of life) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Viral influenza vaccine vs control

Any respiratory illness in women · Pregnant women aged 18 to 38 years and an estimated gestation of 20 to 36 weeks.

Viral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in any respiratory illness in women compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Viral influenza vaccine vs control

Any respiratory illness in infants · Pregnant women aged 18 to 38 years and an estimated gestation of 20 to 36 weeks.

Viral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in any respiratory illness in infants compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Viral influenza vaccine vs control

Maternal hospitalisation for any infection · Pregnant women aged 18 to 38 years and an estimated gestation of 20 to 36 weeks.

Viral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in maternal hospitalisation for any infection compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Viral influenza vaccine vs control

Neonatal hospitalisation due to sepsis within 28 days of birth · Pregnant women aged 18 to 38 years and an estimated gestation of 20 to 36 weeks.

Viral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in neonatal hospitalisation due to sepsis within 28 days of birth compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review