What do systematic reviews say?

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes deep surgical site infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.8]
  2 studies · 458 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes delayed union or non‐union compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.55]
  1 study · 387 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes adverse events ‐ superficial infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 6.45 [0.35, 120.43]
  1 study · 71 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events: superficial infection (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.19 [0.49, 2.87]
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to lower antibiotic versus heparin only lock/flush solution: catheter‐related… (moderate certainty).

• Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing gram‐positive infections associated with long‐term central venous catheters in… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 0.47 [0.26, 0.85]
  5 studies · 443 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing gram‐positive infections associated with long‐term central venous catheters in… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 300 participants
  Low

Aseptic technique vs clean technique

Aseptic technique showed no clear difference in number with symptomatic UTI compared with clean technique (low certainty).

• Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long‐term bladder conditions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [0.54, 2.66]
  1 study · 36 participants
  Low

Single‐use (sterile) catheter vs multiple‐use (clean) catheter

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long‐term bladder conditions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Hydrophilic‐coated catheter vs uncoated catheter

Hydrophilic‐coated catheter showed no clear difference in number with symptomatic UTI compared with uncoated catheter (low certainty).

• Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long‐term bladder conditions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.69, 1.14]
  2 studies · 98 participants
  Low

Hydrophilic‐coated catheter vs uncoated catheter

Hydrophilic‐coated catheter probably leads to higher adverse effects (urethral trauma/bleeding/haematuria) compared with uncoated catheter (moderate certainty).

• Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long‐term bladder conditions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [1.01, 1.87]
  3 studies · 400 participants
  Moderate

Hydrophilic‐coated catheter vs uncoated catheter

• Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long‐term bladder conditions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 114 participants
  Very low