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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,703 questions · 3,824 findings · 858 reviews

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No studies found 573 · 15%GRADE not reported 383 · 10%Very low 993 · 26%Low 1,062 · 27.8%Moderate 614 · 16.1%High 199 · 5.2%

Antibiotics vs placebo compared

Relapse · children, aged 2 to 59 months, with WHO‐defined non‐severe pneumonia and wheeze

Antibiotic therapy showed no clear difference in relapse (children who were 'cured' but developed symptoms within… compared with placebo compared to placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo compared

Adverse effects of antibiotics · children, aged 2 to 59 months, with WHO‐defined non‐severe pneumonia and wheeze

Antibiotic therapy showed no clear difference in treatment harms (adverse events or side effects associated with… compared with placebo compared to placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Duration of continuous positive airway pressure therapy (hours or days) · preterm infants less than 30 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Duration of neonatal intensive care unit stay (hours or days) · preterm infants less than 30 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC may leads to lower treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV… compared with standard oxygen therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with standard oxygen therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV

Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV

In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour fortified with iron in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added)

Diarrhoea (three liquid stools in a single day) (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review