What do systematic reviews say?

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (C‐reactive protein) for infection vs usual care

• Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 7737 participants
  Low

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (C‐reactive protein) for infection vs usual care

• Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 7514 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes deep surgical site infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.8]
  2 studies · 458 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes delayed union or non‐union compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.55]
  1 study · 387 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

It is very uncertain whether timing of wound closure (immediate changes adverse events ‐ superficial infection compared with delayed) (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 6.45 [0.35, 120.43]
  1 study · 71 participants
  Very low

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events: superficial infection (very low certainty).

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.19 [0.49, 2.87]
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open long bone… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Topical plus systemic prophylaxis vs placebo or no treatment

Topical plus systemic prophylaxis leads to lower overall mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.73, 0.96]
  18 studies · 5290 participants
  High

Topical prophylaxis vs no topical prophylaxis

Topical prophylaxis showed no clear difference in respiratory tract infections ‐ topical plus systemic prophylaxis… compared with no topical prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.58, 1.16]
  6 studies · 850 participants
  Low

Topical prophylaxis vs no topical prophylaxis

Topical prophylaxis may leads to lower respiratory tract infections ‐ topical prophylaxis versus no… compared with no topical prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.36, 0.69]
  13 studies · 1848 participants
  Low
• Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.57 [0.44, 0.74]
  19 studies · 2698 participants
  Low

Topical prophylaxis vs no topical prophylaxis

It is very uncertain whether topical prophylaxis changes dropouts due to adverse events compared with no topical prophylaxis (very low certainty).

• Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.2 [0.57, 8.54]
  7 studies · 1323 participants
  Very low