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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,971 questions · 9,849 findings · 853 reviews

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No studies found 1,150 · 11.7%GRADE not reported 3,387 · 34.4%Very low 1,963 · 19.9%Low 1,809 · 18.4%Moderate 1,207 · 12.3%High 333 · 3.4%

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Partial pulpotomy with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) hemostatic agent vs Partial pulpotomy without NaOCl / alternative hemostatic agent

Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Adults (>=18 y) with mature permanent teeth and deep carious pulp exposure

Using NaOCl during partial pulpotomy is associated with borderline-higher success, independent of concentration (ungraded, exploratory).

1 finding from 1 review

Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) vs Reference standard (histology; some ICDAS/radiography)

Occlusal caries detection: specificity · Extracted human teeth (in vitro); permanent and primary teeth, occlusal surfaces

In vitro, QLF pooled specificity for occlusal caries in permanent teeth was 0.66 (3 studies; ungraded).

3 findings from 1 review

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy, >=3 drugs) vs HIV-positive not receiving HAART (standard ART or HAART-naive)

Dental caries · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)

Among HIV+ children, HAART versus no HAART showed no significant difference in the odds of dental caries by DMFT in cross-sectional studies (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.59 to 2.84; ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

High periodontal-disease prevalence vs Not applicable

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

No statistically significant difference in OHRQoL was reported by periodontal-disease prevalence.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium-based agent vs Fluoride agent (e.g., NaF/SDF/KF/CaF2)

Immediate (24 h) resin-dentin bond strength (MPa) · Artificial caries-affected dentin (ACAD) in extracted permanent human teeth (in vitro)

In the Self-Etch adhesive + chemical ACAD protocol network, Calcium vs Fluorine showed no significant difference in 24 h bond strength (MD -0.523, 95% CI -5.404 to 4.358; Low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epilepsy (as exposure/condition) vs Healthy participants without epilepsy (control group)

Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · Children and adolescents with epilepsy

In children/adolescents, the higher DMFT with epilepsy is not statistically significant (SMD 0.334, 95% CI -0.140 to 0.827, P = .164; ungraded subgroup).

1 finding from 1 review

Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs HIV-negative individuals

Dental caries in permanent teeth · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)

In cross-sectional studies, the DMFT index did not differ significantly between HIV+ children on ART and HIV-negative peers (MD 0.60, 95% CI -0.53 to 1.72; very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Epilepsy (as exposure/condition) vs Healthy participants without epilepsy (control group)

Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · people with epilepsy

People with epilepsy have a significantly higher DMFT (permanent-teeth caries) index than controls (SMD 0.403, 95% CI 0.057 to 0.749; high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · Females (all ages)

In females (low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies), spine BMD rose then plateaued ~0.5 mg/L: MD 0.02 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.02-0.07) at 0.20 mg/L and 0.06 (-0.01-0.12) across 0.7-2.35 mg/L vs null; ungraded.

2 findings from 1 review
  • The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
    Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.7-2.35 mg/L vs null
    MD 0.06 [-0.01, 0.12]
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported
  • The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
    Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.20 mg/L vs null
    MD 0.02 [-0.02, 0.07]
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported

Country-level unemployment rate vs Higher vs lower unemployment-rate categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly across country-level unemployment-rate categories; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Replacement of the defective restoration vs Repair of the defective restoration

Composite: Preference for replacement over repair - Scenario 1: partial loss or fracture of the restoration · Dentists managing a defective direct resin composite restoration (posterior occlusal Class I; standardized vignette of a 30-year-old,…

For a defective composite restoration with partial loss or fracture of the restoration, surveyed dentists most often preferred repair over replacement (pooled RR 0.72; p = 0.002); ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs Healthy controls without cleft

Clinical attachment level (CAL) · Individuals assessed for periodontal health (mainly children and adolescents, age >2 years)

Clinical attachment level loss is greater in persons with orofacial cleft than in healthy controls (p<0.00001), but no pooled effect size was reported (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Microinvasive techniques (resin infiltration, resin/GIC sealant, or glass ionomer varnish) vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

Adverse events and periodontal/secondary outcomes (gingival bleeding, gingival bleeding index, visible plaque index) · Children and adults with non-cavitated proximal (interproximal) caries lesions in primary and/or permanent teeth (ages 3-45)

Only three trials reported secondary/adverse outcomes; no adverse events were attributed to microinvasive treatment and periodontal findings were mixed and not pooled (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review