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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,763 questions · 1,835 findings · 201 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 414 · 22.6%GRADE not reported 51 · 2.8%Very low 570 · 31.1%Low 468 · 25.5%Moderate 272 · 14.8%High 60 · 3.3%

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training may leads to lower postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training probably leads to lower postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mechanical ventilation > 48 hours · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes mechanical ventilation > 48 hours compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Motivational interventions to improve adherence to airway clearance treatment for people with CF ‐ specifically‐composed music vs no music

Adherence · people with CF

It is very uncertain whether motivational interventions to improve adherence to airway clearance… changes adherence to treatment Morisky‐Green questionnaire (number of… compared with no music (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Motivational interventions to improve adherence to airway clearance treatment for people with CF ‐ specifically‐composed music vs self‐selected music

Adherence · people with CF

It is very uncertain whether motivational interventions to improve adherence to airway clearance… changes adherence to treatment Morisky‐Green questionnaire (number of… compared with self‐selected music (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review