Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Peer support plus standard care vs clinician‐led support plus standard care Peer outcomes: clinically important change in quality of life for service user and peer supporter · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs clinician‐led support plus standard care Adverse events: all cause · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs clinician‐led support plus standard care Economic: indirect costs (cost to society) · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs standard care Service use: days in hospital – medium term · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs standard care Global state: relapse · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs standard care Global state: clinically important change in global state · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs standard care Peer outcomes: clinically important change in quality of life for service user and peer supporter · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs standard care Adverse events: all cause – long term · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.43, 5.31] | 1 study · 555 participants | Very low |
Peer support plus standard care vs standard care Economic: indirect costs (cost to society) · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs clinician‐led support plus standard care Service use: hospital admission · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs clinician‐led support plus standard care Service use: days in hospital · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Global state: clinically important change in global state · people with primary delusional infestation Treatments for primary delusional infestation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Global state: relapse · people with primary delusional infestation Treatments for primary delusional infestation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Mental state: clinically important change in mental state · people with primary delusional infestation Treatments for primary delusional infestation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Behaviour: clinically important change in general behaviour · people with primary delusional infestation Treatments for primary delusional infestation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Behaviour: occurrence of violent incidents (to self, others, or property) · people with primary delusional infestation Treatments for primary delusional infestation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Adverse events: any adverse events requiring hospitalisation · people with primary delusional infestation Treatments for primary delusional infestation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Quality of life: clinically important change in quality/satisfaction of life · people with primary delusional infestation Treatments for primary delusional infestation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Haloperidol discontinuation vs haloperidol continuation Global state: clinically important change ‒ not improved (CGI) · schizophrenia Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [1.33, 3.2] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Haloperidol discontinuation vs haloperidol continuation Global state: relapse: ‒ · schizophrenia Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [1.18, 2.74] | 4 studies · 165 participants | Very low |
Haloperidol discontinuation vs haloperidol continuation Mental state: clinically important change in general mental state · schizophrenia Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Haloperidol discontinuation vs haloperidol continuation General functioning: clinically important change in general functioning including working ability · schizophrenia Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Haloperidol discontinuation vs haloperidol continuation General behaviour: clinically important change in general behaviour · schizophrenia Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Haloperidol discontinuation vs haloperidol continuation Quality of life: clinically important change in quality of life · schizophrenia Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Haloperidol discontinuation vs haloperidol continuation Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early · schizophrenia Haloperidol discontinuation for people with schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.28] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Response to treatment Clinically important response to treatment as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care Satisfaction and acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care Mental state (short term) ‐ total scores (BPRS, high = poor) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 162 participants | Very low |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care General functioning Clinically important change in general functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care Service use ‐ hospitalisation · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs antipsychotics plus standard care Adverse event/effect(s) ‐ death · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs standard care Response to treatment (medium term) Clinically important response to treatment as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [1.75, 2.42] | 9 studies · 819 participants | Moderate |
ECT plus standard care vs standard care Cognitive functioning (short term) ‐ memory deterioration · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 27 [1.67, 437.68] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
ECT plus standard care vs standard care Satisfaction and acceptability of treatment (medium term) ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.38, 3.63] | 3 studies · 354 participants | Very low |
ECT plus standard care vs standard care Mental state (medium term) ‐ total scores (BPRS, high = poor) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 345 participants | Low |
ECT plus standard care vs standard care General functioning (medium term) ‐ average scores (GAF, high = good) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 97 participants | Very low |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Cognitive functioning Clinically important change in cognitive functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs standard care Service use ‐ hospitalisation · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs standard care Adverse event/effect(s) ‐ death · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Response to treatment Clinically significant response to treatment as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Cognitive functioning Clinically important change in cognitive functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Satisfaction and acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Mental state (medium term) ‐ total scores (BPRS, high = poor) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics General functioning (medium term) ‐ average scores (GAF, high = good) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Service use ‐ hospitalisation · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT alone vs antipsychotics Adverse event/effect(s) ‐ death · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Satisfaction and acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Mental state (short term) ‐ total scores (BPRS, high = poor) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care General functioning Clinically important change in general functioning as defined by each study · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ECT plus standard care vs sham‐ECT plus standard care Service use (short term) ‐ hospitalisation (number readmitted) · people with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.1, 0.85] | 1 study · 25 participants | Low |