Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: 307(1 RCT) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.9, 1.06] | NR | Very low |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Chorioamnionitis (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Neonatal infection (primary outcome)№ of participants: 307(1 RCT) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.07] | NR | Very low |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Admission to neonatal intensive care unit№ of participants: 307(1 RCT) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.47, 3.73] | NR | Very low |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 RCTs) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: 109(1 RCT) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.6, 1.57] | NR | Very low |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: 150(1 RCT) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.83, 1.26] | NR | Very low |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Chorioamnionitis (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Neonatal infection (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Admission to NICU (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine 4‐hourly vaginal examinations vs routine 2‐hourly vaginal examinations Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Positive birth experience (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1 RCT) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.55 [1.03, 6.31] | NR | Low |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1 RCT) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.73, 1.59] | NR | Low |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Chorioamnionitis (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1 RCT) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3.06 [0.13, 74.21] | NR | Low |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Neonatal infection (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1 RCT) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 4.08 [0.46, 35.87] | NR | Low |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Admission to NICU (primary outcome)№ of participants: 204(1 RCT) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.04 [0.63, 6.56] | NR | Low |
Routine vaginal examinations vs vaginal examinations Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · primiparous pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Spontaneous vaginal birth (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Chorioamnionitis (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Neonatal infection (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Admission to NICU (primary outcome)№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine ultrasound Maternal pain (primary outcome)№ of participants: 83(1 RCT) · pregnant women, multiparous, in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Women's positive experiences№ of participants: (0 studies) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine vaginal examination vs routine rectal examination Augmentation of labour (primary outcome)№ of participants: 307(1 RCT) · pregnant women in labour at term Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.63, 1.68] | NR | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Fetal immobilisation score at 40 minutes (Degree of fetal immobilisation as defined by trial authors) · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Fetal movements ‐ gross body and limb (Degree of fetal immobilisation as defined by trial authors) · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Surgical assessment/satisfaction score = 1 or 2 (Technically successful procedure as defined by trial authors) · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.88 [1.6, 5.15] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Maternal respiratory rate (Maternal respiratory depression as defined by trial authors or measured using intraoperative maternal arterial oxygen saturation and maternal respiratory rate) · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Maternal OAA score (observer assessment of alertness/sedation) < 4 (Maternal sedation measured using sedation scores as defined by authors) · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 0.65] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Perinatal mortality · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam Time taken to perform procedure · health problem or population Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Delivery before 34 weeks' gestation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.33, 1.55] | 5 studies · 1830 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Maternal infection or inflammation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.81, 1.12] | 2 studies · 265 participants | Moderate |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Neonatal/paediatric care unit admission · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.49, 1.98] | 1 study · 254 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Fetal/infant mortality · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [0.5, 7.7] | 2 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Harm to offspring from the intervention · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 11 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Birthweight · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Delivery before 34 weeks' gestation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 13 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Delivery before 37 weeks' gestation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 5.71 [0.33, 99.97] | 1 study · 13 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Maternal infection or inflammation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.01, 4] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Neonatal/paediatric care unit admission · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Fetal/infant mortality · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.02, 7.93] | 1 study · 13 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Delivery before 37 weeks' gestation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.44, 1.05] | 5 studies · 1830 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Harm to offspring from the intervention · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 13 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs cervical cerclage Birthweight · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Maternal infection or inflammation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.87, 1.26] | 2 studies · 1032 participants | Moderate |