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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
448 questions in 37 reviews · Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS
current versionsNo studies 50 · 11.2%Ungraded 14 · 3.1%Very low 132 · 29.5%Low 160 · 35.7%Moderate 76 · 17%High 16 · 3.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: respiratory muscle training vs sham training or no training Maximal inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) Postintervention for insp. training at 10 weeks, for exp. training after 2‐3 months · people with multiple sclerosis Respiratory muscle training for multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: respiratory muscle training vs sham training or no training Maximal expiratory pressure (cmH2O) Postintervention for insp. training at 10 weeks, for exp. training after 2‐3 months · people with multiple sclerosis Respiratory muscle training for multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: respiratory muscle training vs sham training or no training Predicted maximal inspiratory pressure (%) Postintervention after 10 weeks · people with multiple sclerosis Respiratory muscle training for multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: respiratory muscle training vs sham training or no training Predicted maximal expiratory pressure (%) Postintervention after 10 weeks · people with multiple sclerosis Respiratory muscle training for multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: respiratory muscle training vs sham training or no training Quality of Life (EQ‐5D VAS, score · people with multiple sclerosis Respiratory muscle training for multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: respiratory muscle training vs sham training or no training Fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale, score · people with multiple sclerosis Respiratory muscle training for multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants experiencing at least one relapse · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.52, 0.7] | 3 studies · 1414 participants | Moderate |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants with at least one adverse event · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08] | 2 studies · 578 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants with serious adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.7, 1.31] | 2 studies · 578 participants | Moderate |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta 1a Mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score change from baseline · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 221 participants | Very low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants experiencing treatment discontinuation caused by adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.1, 1.16] | 2 studies · 593 participants | Very low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants whose disability worsened · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.45, 0.79] | 3 studies · 1414 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants with at least one adverse event · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.98, 1.08] | 3 studies · 1415 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants with serious adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.29] | 3 studies · 1415 participants | Moderate |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta 1a Mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score change from baseline · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1414 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants with new T2‐hyperintense lesions on magnetic resonance imaging · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.61, 0.93] | 2 studies · 1125 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants experiencing treatment discontinuation caused by adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.19, 0.56] | 3 studies · 1414 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants experiencing at least one relapse · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.23, 0.62] | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta 1a Number of participants whose disability worsened · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.21, 0.84] | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |
Intravenous immunoglobulin with or without standard care vs standard care alone or placebo Significant disability assessed using Liverpool Outcome Score RR (M‐H, random‐effects analysis, 95% CI) · children with acute encephalitis Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of childhood encephalitis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.22, 2.6] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Intravenous immunoglobulin with or without standard care vs standard care alone or placebo ≥ 1 serious adverse event RR (M‐H, random‐effects analysis, 95% CI) · children with acute encephalitis Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of childhood encephalitis (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.07, 14.05] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Intravenous immunoglobulin with or without standard care vs standard care alone or placebo Length of hospital stay (MD, random‐effects analysis, 95% CI) · children with acute encephalitis Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of childhood encephalitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 116 participants | Very low |
Are disease‐modifying drugs for a first attack suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) effective and safe vs placebo? Disability‐worsening Proportion of participants with disability‐worsening, assessed by EDSS** during 24 months of treatment Participants: N = 927 (2 RCTs) Treatment with disease‐modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.49, 1.14] | NR | Very low |
Are disease‐modifying drugs for a first attack suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) effective and safe vs placebo? Relapse Proportion of participants with relapse during 24 months of treatment Participants: N = 618 (1 RCT) Treatment with disease‐modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.65 [0.38, 1.12] | NR | Very low |
Are disease‐modifying drugs for a first attack suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) effective and safe vs placebo? Occurrence of at least one serious adverse event Proportion of participants with at least one serious adverse event during 24 months of treatment Participants: N = 3385 (7 RCTs) Treatment with disease‐modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.78 [0.6, 1.03] | NR | Low |
Are disease‐modifying drugs for a first attack suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) effective and safe vs placebo? Withdrawls or drug discontinuation due to adverse events during 24 months of treatment Participants: N = 2693 (5 RCTs) Treatment with disease‐modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 2.43 [0.91, 6.49] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Disability‐worsening Proportion of participants with disability‐worsening at a maximum of five years' Treatment with disease‐modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.88 [0.5, 1.57] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Relapse Proportion of participants with relapse at a maximum of five years' Treatment with disease‐modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple… (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.35 [0.26, 0.48] | NR | Low |
Interferons vs glatiramer acetate Number of participants with relapse Risk ratio (M‐H, random, 95% CI) · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Interferons‐beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.87, 1.24] | 3 studies · 2184 participants | Moderate |
Interferons vs glatiramer acetate Number of participants with confirmed progression Risk ratio (M‐H, random, 95% CI) · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Interferons‐beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.91, 1.35] | 3 studies · 2169 participants | Moderate |
Interferons vs glatiramer acetate Number of participants who dropped out for AEs Risk ratio (M‐H, random, 95% CI) · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Interferons‐beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.64, 1.4] | 4 studies · 2685 participants | Low |
Interferons vs glatiramer acetate Mean number of active T2 lesions Mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Interferons‐beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1790 participants | Low |
Interferons vs glatiramer acetate Mean number of new enhancing lesions Mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Interferons‐beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1734 participants | Moderate |
Interferons vs glatiramer acetate Mean change in total T2‐hyperintense lesion load Mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Interferons‐beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1608 participants | Moderate |
Interferons vs glatiramer acetate Mean change in total T1‐hypointense lesion load · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Interferons‐beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1602 participants | Moderate |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs placebo Outcomes at 24 months · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.81, 2.8] | 1 study · 860 participants | Moderate |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Annualised relapse rate · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.48 [0.34, 0.7] | 1 study · 860 participants | Moderate |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Participants free from MRI gadolinium‐enhancing lesions · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [1.05, 1.19] | 1 study · 728 participants | Moderate |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs placebo Participants free from relapse · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.28, 1.63] | 2 studies · 1556 participants | Moderate |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs placebo Participants free from disability worsening · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [1.02, 1.11] | 2 studies · 1556 participants | Low |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.89, 2.25] | 2 studies · 1556 participants | Very low |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs placebo Annualised relapse rate · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.5 [0.4, 0.62] | 2 studies · 1556 participants | Moderate |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs placebo Participants free from MRI gadolinium‐enhancing lesions · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [1.27, 1.45] | 2 studies · 1226 participants | Low |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Outcomes at 12 months · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Participants free from relapse · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [1.09, 1.27] | 1 study · 860 participants | Moderate |
Fingolimod 0.5 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Participants free from disability worsening · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Fingolimod for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.99, 1.06] | 1 study · 860 participants | Low |
Teriflunomide vs placebo Proportion of participants with at least 1 relapse at 1 year · people with relapsing multiple sclerosis Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.48, 0.75] | 1 study · 761 participants | Low |
Teriflunomide vs placebo The proportion of participants with at least 1 relapse at 2 years · people with relapsing multiple sclerosis Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.69, 0.93] | 1 study · 722 participants | Low |
Teriflunomide vs placebo The proportion of participants with disability progression at 1 year · people with relapsing multiple sclerosis Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.36, 0.84] | 1 study · 761 participants | Very low |