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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children with adverse events ‐ code‐word alarm versus control alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.75, 2.38] | 1 study · 353 participants | Moderate |
Alarm vs other behavioural interventions Mean number of wet nights a week · children with nocturnal enuresis in children Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 95 participants | Low |
Alarm vs other behavioural interventions Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis in children Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [0.98, 3.19] | 6 studies · 179 participants | Low |
Alarm vs control or no treatment Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 9.67 [4.74, 19.76] | 10 studies · 366 participants | Low |
Alarm vs other behavioural interventions Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis in children Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.81, 2.41] | 3 studies · 89 participants | Low |
Alarm vs other behavioural interventions Proportion of children with adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis in children Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alarm vs desmopressin Mean number of wet nights a week · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 285 participants | Low |
Alarm vs desmopressin Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.93, 1.36] | 12 studies · 1168 participants | Low |
Alarm vs desmopressin Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.92, 1.84] | 5 studies · 565 participants | Moderate |
Alarm vs desmopressin Proportion of children with adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.2, 0.71] | 5 studies · 565 participants | Moderate |
Alarm vs tricyclics Mean number of wet nights a week · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs tricyclics Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [1.33, 3.17] | 3 studies · 208 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs tricyclics Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 11 [0.67, 179.29] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs tricyclics Proportion of children with adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Alarm vs control or no treatment Proportion of children with adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Mean number of wet nights a week ‐ alarm versus cognitive behavioural therapy · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm versus cognitive behavioural therapy · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.55, 1.29] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.25, 0.92] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm versus psychotherapy · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3.62 [1.38, 9.5] | 2 studies · 116 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm versus hypnotherapy · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [1.41, 6.39] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [1.18, 7.6] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm versus restricted diet · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 23 [3.19, 165.98] | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs miscellaneous treatments Proportion of children adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Mean number of wet nights a week ‐ alarm + bladder training versus bladder training · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm + bladder training versus bladder training · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.73, 12.27] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs placebo drug Mean number of wet nights a week · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm + dry‐bed training versus dry‐bed training · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3.79 [1.85, 7.77] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.15, 2.12] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Mean number of wet nights a week ‐ alarm + desmopressin versus desmopressin · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 156 participants | Low |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm + desmopressin versus desmopressin · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.08, 1.62] | 5 studies · 359 participants | Low |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [1.26, 4.29] | 2 studies · 161 participants | Low |
Alarm plus other intervention vs other intervention Proportion of children with adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Alarm vs placebo drug Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [1.16, 2.17] | 2 studies · 181 participants | Low |
Alarm vs placebo drug Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alarm vs placebo drug Proportion of children with adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ bell and pad versus body‐worn alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.67, 1.5] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Any pessary vs control, waiting list or no active treatment Perceived resolution of prolapse symptoms: ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Cure or improvement of sexual problems (higher score = better sexual functioning) · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Any pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Psychological outcome measures at ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) Number of women with adverse events · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 75.25 [4.7, 1205.45] | 1 study · 97 participants | Low |
Pessary plus PFMT vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone Perceived resolution of prolapse symptoms ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pessary plus PFMT vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone Perceived improvement of prolapse symptoms · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.15 [1.58, 2.94] | 1 study · 260 participants | Moderate |
Pessary plus PFMT vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone Prolapse‐specific quality of life · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 260 participants | Moderate |
Pessary plus PFMT vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone Cure or improvement of sexual problems ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pessary plus PFMT vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone Psychological outcome measures at ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pessary plus PFMT vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone Number of women with adverse events ‐ abnormal vaginal bleeding · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.18 [0.69, 6.91] | 1 study · 260 participants | Low |
Pessary plus PFMT vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone Number of women with adverse events ‐ de novo voiding difficulty · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.54, 3.19] | 1 study · 189 participants | Low |
Any pessary vs control, waiting list or no active treatment Perceived improvement of prolapse symptoms (higher score = worse symptoms) · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Any pessary vs control, waiting list or no active treatment Prolapse‐specific quality of life ≥ 12 months · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any pessary vs control, waiting list or no active treatment Cure or improvement of sexual problems · pelvic organ prolapse in women Pessaries (mechanical devices) for managing pelvic organ prolapse in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |