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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Hospital mortality – randomised trials ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | AOR 0.52 [0.32, 0.85] | 2792 participants | Low |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Length of hospital stay – non‐randomised studies · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Adverse events (unexpected cardiac or respiratory arrest) – randomised trials ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | AOR 0.94 [0.79, 1.13] | 364094 participants | Low |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Adverse events (unexpected cardiac or respiratory arrest) – non‐randomised studies ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Hospital mortality – non‐randomised studies ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Composite outcome – randomised trials Composite outcome of incidence (events divided by number of eligible participants admitted to the hospital during the study period) of cardiac arrests without a pre‐existing NFR order, unplanned ICU admissions... · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | AOR 0.98 [0.83, 1.16] | 364094 participants | Moderate |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Composite outcome – non‐randomised studies Composite endpoint of cardiopulmonary arrest, unplanned ICU admission or death per 1000 admitted patients ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | AOR 0.85 [0.72, 0.99] | 57858 participants | Low |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Unplanned ICU admission – randomised trials ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | AOR 1.04 [0.89, 1.21] | 364094 participants | Low |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Unplanned ICU admission – non‐randomised trial ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care ICU readmission – randomised trials · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care ICU readmission – non‐randomised studies · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care Length of hospital stay – randomised trials ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration Early warning systems and rapid response systems for the prevention of patient deterioration on acute adult… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.91 [0.83, 0.98] | 2733 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Clinical outcomes · Adults with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mental health outcomes · Adults with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) · Adults with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Health Service Utilisation · Adults with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Medication use and adherence · Adults with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Health‐related patient behaviours · Adults with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Provider behaviour · Adults with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Primary outcomes Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Impacts on management or information systems (if not a targeted measure of performance) Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Equity considerations: evidence of differential impacts on different parts of the population Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Primary outcomes Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health outcomes Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Delivery and utilization of health services Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Quality of care Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Unintended effects Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Changes in resource use Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Secondary outcomes Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Provider motivation, satisfaction, absenteeism and acceptability Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Health outcomes Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Patient satisfaction and acceptability Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Impacts on management or information systems (if not a targeted measure of performance) Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Equity considerations: evidence of differential impacts on different parts of the population Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Delivery and utilization of health services Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Quality of care Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Unintended effects Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Resource use Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Secondary outcomes Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Provider motivation, satisfaction, absenteeism and acceptability Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Patient satisfaction and acceptability Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions vs usual care Recovery from CMDs ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention) Recovery defined by HDRS < 8a; SRQ‐20 ≤ 7b (RR > 1 denotes greater likelihood of recovery) · adults with common mental disorders (CMDs) Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.06, 1.56] | 2 studies · 308 participants | Low |
Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care vs usual care CMD symptoms ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention) Measured by change in CIS‐Rg; GHQ‐12i; HDRSc; PHQ‐9e,j,k scores from baseline (greater decline = greater improvement) · adults with common mental disorders Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 4419 participants | Low |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Quality of life (carer) (1 to 6 months post intervention) WHOQOL‐BREF (higher score = better quality of life) · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Functional impairment (patient) (1 to 6 months post intervention) EASI (higher score = higher impairment in activities of daily living) · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Service utilisation ‐ home visits by LHW and psychiatrist (during intervention) · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Adverse events ‐ number of deaths (during intervention) Â · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 141 participants | Very low |
Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions vs usual or no care Depression or PTSD recovery · children/adolescents with post‐traumatic stress and related depressive/anxiety symptoms Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions vs usual or no care Disease prevalence · children/adolescents with post‐traumatic stress and related depressive/anxiety symptoms Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions vs usual or no care Depression symptoms (1 to 6 months post intervention) Depression self‐rating scale (higher score = higher severity) · children/adolescents with post‐traumatic stress and related depressive/anxiety symptoms Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1092 participants | Moderate |