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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

current versions

No studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Dialectic behaviour therapy with case management vs a health promotion scheme Number not using crack at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.87, 1.14]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low
Dialectic behaviour therapy with case management vs a health promotion scheme Number not using cocaine at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.93, 1.12]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low
Dialectic behaviour therapy with case management vs a health promotion scheme Number not using heroin at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.98, 1.13]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low
Dialectic behaviour therapy with case management vs a health promotion scheme Number not using methamphetamine at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.87, 1.2]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low
Dialectic behaviour therapy with case management vs a health promotion scheme Self‐report of no drug use at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.92, 1.56]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs work release Incarcerated for drug offences at 18 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.45 [0.87, 2.42]	1 study · 112 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs work release Marijuana use at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.19, 5.65]	1 study · 51 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs work release Marijuana use at 18 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.07, 14.45]	1 study · 28 participants	Very low
Collaborative case management vs treatment Number of arrests · female offenders Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.83, 1.49]	1 study · 113 participants	Low
Therapeutic community vs work release Heroin use at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.59 [0.49, 5.14]	1 study · 68 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs work release Heroin use at 18 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.92 [0.24, 15.37]	1 study · 37 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs work release Crack use at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.07 [0.41, 10.41]	1 study · 55 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs work release Crack use at 18 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.64 [0.19, 14.06]	1 study · 34 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs work release Cocaine use at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.79, 1.5]	1 study · 211 participants	Low
Therapeutic community vs work release Cocaine use at 18 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.64, 1.35]	1 study · 139 participants	Very low
Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only Marijuana use · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.53, 1.16]	1 study · 511 participants	Moderate
Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only Hard drug use · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.88, 1.43]	1 study · 511 participants	Moderate
Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only Positive hair test for crack cocaine · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	OR 1.08 [0.75, 1.54]	1 study · 511 participants	Moderate
Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only Positive hair test for marijuana use · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.55, 1.03]	1 study · 511 participants	Moderate
Community‐based buprenorphine vs placebo End of treatment drug use · females offenders Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.27, 1.2]	1 study · 36 participants	Very low
Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only Arrested · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.19 [0.04, 0.87]	1 study · 511 participants	Moderate
Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only Drug charge · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.75, 1.53]	1 study · 511 participants	Moderate
Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only Incarceration · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.86, 1.39]	1 study · 511 participants	Moderate
Pre‐ vs post‐release buprenorphine use Heroin use and positive urine screen testing · 211 adults Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 211 participants	Low
Community‐based buprenorphine vs placebo Drug use at 3 months · females offenders Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.58 [0.25, 1.35]	1 study · 36 participants	Very low
Interpersonal psychotherapy vs psychoeducational control Relapse to drug use at 3 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.3, 1.5]	1 study · 38 participants	Low
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) vs waiting list control Abstinence from drug use at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.89 [0.73, 11.43]	1 study · 31 participants	Low
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) vs waiting list control ASI drug score at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 31 participants	Low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community Reincarcerated at 12 months after parole · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.43, 1.12]	1 study · 115 participants	Low
Family/parent interventions vs control Alcohol use prevalence Up to 4 years post intervention impact of family/parent interventions compared to control on the prevalence of alcohol consumption or drunkenness · parents/children Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	12 studies · 7490 participants	Low
Family/parent interventions vs control Alcohol use frequency Up to 4 years post intervention impact of family/parent interventions compared to control on the frequency of alcohol consumption · parents/children Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 1855 participants	Very low
Family/parent interventions vs control Alcohol use volume Up to 4 years post intervention impact of family/parent interventions compared to control on the volume of alcohol consumption or drunkenness · parents/children Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 1825 participants	Low
Family/parent interventions vs control Adverse events · parents/children Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Family/parent and adolescent interventions vs adolescent only interventions Alcohol use prevalence Up to 4 years post intervention impact of family/parent interventions compared to control on the prevalence of alcohol consumption or drunkenness · parents and children Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 5640 participants	Very low
Family/parent and adolescent interventions vs adolescent only interventions Alcohol use frequency Up to 4 years post intervention impact of family/parent interventions compared to control on the frequency of alcohol consumption · parents and children Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 915 participants	Very low
Family/parent and adolescent interventions vs adolescent only interventions Adverse events · parents and children Family‐based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Brief intervention vs no or minimal intervention Quantity of drinking (g/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption as identified by a screening tool Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	34 studies · 15197 participants	Moderate
Extended intervention vs brief intervention Quantity of drinking (g/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 552 participants	Low
Extended intervention vs brief intervention Frequency of binge drinking (no. binges/wk) at 12 months ‐ not measured · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Extended intervention vs brief intervention Frequency of drinking (no. days drinking/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 147 participants	Low
Extended intervention vs brief intervention Intensity of drinking (g/drinking day) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 147 participants	Very low
Brief intervention vs no or minimal intervention Frequency of drinking (no. binges/wk) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption as identified by a screening tool Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	15 studies · 6946 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs no or minimal intervention Frequency of drinking (no. days drinking/wk) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption as identified by a screening tool Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 5469 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs no or minimal intervention Intensity of drinking (g/drinking day) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption as identified by a screening tool Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 3128 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs no or minimal intervention Adverse effects · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption as identified by a screening tool Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 5 participants	Very low
Extended intervention vs no or minimal intervention Quantity of drinking (g/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 1296 participants	Moderate
Extended intervention vs no or minimal intervention Frequency of drinking (no. binges/wk) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 456 participants	Moderate
Extended intervention vs no or minimal intervention Frequency of drinking (no. days drinking/week) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 319 participants	Moderate
Extended intervention vs no or minimal intervention Intensity of drinking (g/drinking day) at 12 months · people with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 158 participants	Low
Pharmacological detoxification treatment vs other pharmacological detoxification treatment Completion of treatment: baclofen versus clonidine · management of opium withdrawal Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.63, 1.8]	66 participants	Very low