Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Total studies: 8 RCTs Total Participants: 9983 · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 9983 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Severe exacerbations ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 812(1 RCT) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.45, 4.37] | 1 study · 812 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 6 months ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3063(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.99, 1.19] | 3 studies · 6 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 6 months ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 1916(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.91, 1.35] | 2 studies · 6 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 6 months ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2480(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.08] | 2 studies · 6 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 6 months ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 4818(4 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [1.01, 1.14] | 4 studies · 6 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 6 months ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of participants: 2821(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.95, 1.03] | 3 studies · 6 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 6 months ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants: 7881(5 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [1.02, 1.15] | 5 studies · 6 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 12 months ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2817(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.07] | 2 studies · 12 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 12 months ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2222(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.95, 1.07] | 2 studies · 12 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 12 months ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 1088(1 RCT) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [1.01, 1.15] | 1 study · 12 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 12 months ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 1631(1 RCT) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.03] | 1 study · 12 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 1727(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.45, 1.42] | 2 studies · 1727 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 12 months ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3982(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.99, 1.23] | 3 studies · 12 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 12 months ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of participants: 1089(1 RCT) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [1.01, 1.16] | 1 study · 12 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 12 months ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants: 6204(4 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.99, 1.17] | 4 studies · 12 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Total studies: 13 RCTs Total Participants: 144476 · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 144476 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR HD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 8 RCTs; 7511 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 7511 participants | High |
Intervention NR MD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3187 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3187 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR HD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 2 RCT; 2039 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2039 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR MD‐ICS/LABA · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Outcome№ of participants(studies) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All cause SAEs ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS LABA№ of participants: 7511(8 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.83, 1.29] | 8 studies · 7511 participants | High |
Intervention NR Severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of participants: 814(1 RCT) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.17, 1.93] | 1 study · 814 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All cause SAEs ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3187(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.85, 1.5] | 3 studies · 3187 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause SAEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2039(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.76, 1.47] | 2 studies · 2039 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause SAEs ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2660(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.81, 1.44] | 2 studies · 2660 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause SAEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 5004(4 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.77, 1.18] | 4 studies · 5004 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause SAEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of participants: 2998(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.27] | 3 studies · 2998 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause SAEs ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants: 8192(6 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.87, 1.21] | 6 studies · 8192 participants | High |
Intervention NR Asthma‐related SAEs ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS LABA№ of participants: 6244(6 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.8, 2.21] | 6 studies · 6244 participants | High |
Intervention NR Asthma‐related SAEs ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3188(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.85, 2.69] | 3 studies · 3188 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Asthma‐related SAEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2039(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.41, 1.8] | 2 studies · 2039 participants | High |
Intervention NR Asthma‐related SAEs ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2660(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.77, 2.36] | 2 studies · 2660 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe exacerbations ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants: 2540(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.51, 1.4] | 2 studies · 2540 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Asthma‐related SAEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 5004(4 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.58, 1.27] | 4 studies · 5004 participants | High |
Intervention NR Asthma‐related SAEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of participants: 3472(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.31, 1.05] | 3 studies · 3472 participants | High |
Intervention NR Asthma‐related SAEs ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants: 8192(6 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.76, 1.42] | 6 studies · 8192 participants | High |
Intervention NR All cause AEs ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS LABA№ of participants: 5949(7 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.06] | 7 studies · 5949 participants | High |
Intervention NR All cause AEs ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3188(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.91, 1] | 3 studies · 3188 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause AEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2039(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.85, 1] | 2 studies · 2039 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause AEs ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2659(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.83, 1.18] | 2 studies · 2659 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All cause AEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 5004(4 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.87, 0.96] | 4 studies · 5004 participants | High |
Intervention NR All cause AEs ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of participants: 3473(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.9, 1.02] | 3 studies · 3473 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All cause AEs ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants: 8192(6 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.9, 0.96] | 6 studies · 8192 participants | High |
Intervention NR Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 5452(6 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.82, 1.05] | 6 studies · 5452 participants | High |
Intervention NR Dropouts due to adverse event ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS LABA№ of participants: 5969(7 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.68, 1.48] | 7 studies · 5969 participants | High |
Intervention NR Dropouts due to adverse event ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3205(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.08, 2.14] | 3 studies · 3205 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Dropouts due to adverse event ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2670(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.19, 1.18] | 2 studies · 2670 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Dropouts due to adverse event ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2668(2 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.76, 2.02] | 2 studies · 2668 participants | Moderate |