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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

142 questions · 149 findings · 12 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care

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No studies found 44 · 29.5%GRADE not reported 15 · 10.1%Very low 34 · 22.8%Low 39 · 26.2%Moderate 14 · 9.4%High 3 · 2%

Tramadol vs placebo

Number of patients with PONV (PACU) · children undergoing surgery

Tramadol showed no clear difference in number of patients with PONV (PACU) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs placebo

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Tramadol showed no clear difference in number of patients with PONV (24 hours postoperatively) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs morphine

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · children undergoing surgery

Tramadol showed no clear difference in number of patients requiring rescue analgesia (PACU) compared with morphine (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Tramadol vs morphine

Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain up to 6 hours after the procedure · children undergoing surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs nalbuphine

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · children undergoing surgery

It is very uncertain whether tramadol changes number of patients requiring rescue analgesia (24 hours… compared with nalbuphine (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs placebo

Number of patients with moderate/severe pain (1 hour postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine may leads to lower number of patients with moderate/severe pain (1 hour postoperatively) compared with placebo (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs morphine

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (postoperative care unit) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting… compared with morphine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs morphine

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours… compared with morphine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs tramadol

Number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (12 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (2 hours… compared with tramadol (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs tramadol

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours… compared with tramadol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs pethidine

Number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (12 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (2 hours… compared with pethidine (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs piritramid

Number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (12 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (24 hours… compared with piritramid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs piritramid

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours… compared with piritramid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs placebo

Number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (12 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine may leads to lower number of patients with the need for rescue analgesia (2 hours… compared with placebo (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs placebo

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (postoperative care unit) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nalbuphine vs placebo

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours postoperatively) · children undergoing surgery

Nalbuphine showed no clear difference in number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (24 hours… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review