Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,155 questions · 1,191 findings · 195 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 209 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 51 · 4.3%Very low 256 · 21.5%Low 273 · 22.9%Moderate 284 · 23.8%High 118 · 9.9%

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Exacerbations: number of people experiencing moderate or severe exacerbations · COPD

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing moderate or severe… compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Imiquimod vs MAL‐PDT

Number of patients with moderate/severe pain (1 hour postoperatively) · adults with basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Imiquimod cream probably leads to lower pain (moderate/severe) compared with MAL‐PDT (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Imiquimod vs surgical excision

Number of patients with moderate/severe pain (1 hour postoperatively) · adults with basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Imiquimod showed no clear difference in pain (moderate/severe) compared with surgical excision (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD · infants below 33 weeks of postmenstrual age who required resuscitation in the delivery room

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Use of initial sustained inflation vs standard inflations

Chronic lung disease ‐ moderate to severe BPD · preterm infants resuscitated by PPV at birth

Use of initial sustained inflation showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease ‒moderate to severe BPD compared with standard inflations (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

Perineal pain within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes perineal pain within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe… compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

Perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe… compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal pain between 24 ‐ 48 after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe… compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review