What do systematic reviews say?

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives probably leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.24, 0.52]
  8 studies · 593 participants
  Moderate

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.03, 0.28]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Low

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.45]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

Opioid antagonists showed no clear difference in vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.35, 4.43]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Acupuncture or acupressure vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether acupressure/acupuncture changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74]
  9 studies · 1221 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.27, 0.75]
  7 studies · 1069 participants
  Very low

Acupuncture or acupressure vs placebo

Acupressure/acupuncture may leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.33, 0.8]
  9 studies · 1221 participants
  Low

Acupuncture or acupressure vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether acupressure/acupuncture changes vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.34, 0.79]
  7 studies · 1069 participants
  Very low

Ginger vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ginger changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.36, 1.21]
  2 studies · 331 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.22, 1.77]
  1 study · 92 participants
  Very low

Ginger vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ginger changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.38, 1]
  2 studies · 331 participants
  Very low

Ginger vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ginger changes vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.65]
  1 study · 92 participants
  Very low

5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo

5‐HT3 antagonists may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.31, 0.69]
  10 studies · 1450 participants
  Low

Dopamine antagonists vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether dopamine antagonists changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.27, 0.52]
  15 studies · 1180 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.61 [0.48, 0.79]
  7 studies · 601 participants
  Low

Dopamine antagonists vs placebo

Dopamine antagonists may leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.41 [0.28, 0.6]
  12 studies · 942 participants
  Low

Dopamine antagonists vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether dopamine antagonists changes vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.44, 0.92]
  9 studies · 860 participants
  Very low

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 715 participants
  Moderate

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) changes stillbirth compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.08, 1.37]
  6 studies · 955 participants
  Very low

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) changes fetal distress/asphyxial events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.35, 1.4]
  6 studies · 944 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

Probiotics may leads to lower incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.51 [0.35, 0.75]
  2 studies · 399 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found