Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

185 questions · 194 findings · 16 reviews · Urology

No studies found 40 · 20.6%GRADE not reported 15 · 7.7%Very low 29 · 14.9%Low 71 · 36.6%Moderate 35 · 18%High 4 · 2.1%

Sunitinib vs adjuvant immunotherapy (combined ipilimumab and nivolumab)

Serious adverse events (Grade 3 or 4) · Treatment‐naïve metastatic renal cell carcinoma (clear cell type); IMDC intermediate, poor risk patients only.

Sunitinib probably leads to higher serious adverse events (Grade 3 or 4) compared with nivolumab + ipilimumab (targeted agent versus combinations of… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pazopanib vs placebo (targeted agent versus placebo)

Progression‐free survival · Previous treated and treatment‐naïve (54%) metastatic renal cell carcinoma (clear cell type)

Pazopanib leads to lower progression‐free survival (absolute effect size estimates based on… compared with placebo (targeted agent versus placebo) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pazopanib vs placebo (targeted agent versus placebo)

Overall survival (absolute effect size estimates based on survival rate at 24 months) · Previous treated and treatment‐naïve (54%) metastatic renal cell carcinoma (clear cell type)

Pazopanib showed no clear difference in overall survival (absolute effect size estimates based on survival… compared with placebo (targeted agent versus placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tivozanib vs sorafenib (targeted agent versus targeted agent)

Progression‐free survival · Treatment‐naïve metastatic renal cell carcinoma (clear cell type)

Tivozanib may leads to lower progression‐free survival (absolute effect size estimates based on… compared with sorafenib (targeted agent versus targeted agent) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ciprofloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Clinical efficacy ‐ cure or improvement at · patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

It is very uncertain whether ciprofloxacin changes clinical efficacy ‐ cure or improvement at end of treatment compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Ciprofloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects · patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

Ciprofloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levofloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Microbiological efficacy ‐ pathogen eradication · patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

It is very uncertain whether levofloxacin changes microbiological efficacy ‐ pathogen eradication compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levofloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects · patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

Levofloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lomefloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Microbiological efficacy ‐ pathogen eradication · patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

Lomefloxacin showed no clear difference in microbiological efficacy ‐ pathogen eradication at compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lomefloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects · patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

Lomefloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ciprofloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Microbiological efficacy ‐ pathogen eradication · patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

It is very uncertain whether ciprofloxacin changes microbiological efficacy ‐ pathogen eradication at end of treatment compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy

Time to death from any cause Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors showed no clear difference in time to death from any cause Range of compared with any first‐line chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review