Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,661 questions · 2,751 findings · 453 reviews

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No studies found 593 · 21.6%GRADE not reported 277 · 10.1%Very low 538 · 19.6%Low 712 · 25.9%Moderate 516 · 18.8%High 115 · 4.2%

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

No clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes no clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term (3 weeks… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.49, 1.54]
6 studies · 511 participants
Very low

Technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention vs usual care

Compliance/satisfaction: medication ‐ not compliant ‐ long‐term · schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether technology‐mediated psychoeducation + standard care intervention changes compliance/satisfaction: medication ‐ not compliant ‐ long‐term compared with standard care intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.27, 0.77]
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

Ergonomic keyboard vs placebo

Long‐term improvement in CTS symptoms (pain ) from baseline to end of 6 months treatment (Apple Adjustable Keyboard) Scale: 0 to 10 · carpal tunnel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic positioning or equipment for treating carpal tunnel syndrome 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Ergonomic keyboard vs placebo

Improvement in functional ability · carpal tunnel syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ergonomic positioning or equipment for treating carpal tunnel syndrome 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

ART adherence at 48 weeks: Short vs. long messages (overall) · Patients with HIV infection, on ART

The intervention showed no clear difference in ART adherence at 48 weeks: Short vs. long messages (overall) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.81, 1.25]
1 study · 289 participants
Low

Mobile phone text messages vs usual care

ART adherence · Patients with HIV infection, on ART

Mobile phone text messages showed no clear difference in ART adherence at 48 weeks: Long weekly messages vs. standard care compared with standard care (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.6, 1.04]
1 study · 213 participants
Low
Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.77, 1.24]
1 study · 211 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

ART adherence at 48 weeks: Short weekly messages vs. long weekly messages · Patients with HIV infection, on ART

The intervention showed no clear difference in ART adherence at 48 weeks: Short weekly messages vs. long weekly… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.7, 1.39]
1 study · 147 participants
Low

Neurodynamic mobilisation vs no treatment

CTS symptoms (Boston CTS questionnaire) ‐ long‐term improvement: > 3 monthsScale: 1 to 5, higher is worse · People with carpal tunnel syndrome on a waiting list for carpal tunnel release

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise and mobilisation interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 14 participants
Very low

Neurodynamic mobilisation vs no treatment

Long‐term improvement in functional ability or health‐related quality of life (more than three months) · People with carpal tunnel syndrome on a waiting list for carpal tunnel release

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise and mobilisation interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 14 participants
Very low

Topical thalidomide vs Another topical agent or placebo

Adverse effects of long‐term use of available topical agents · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6…
0 studies
No studies found

Antiseptic mouthwash (e.g. chlorhexidine) vs Another topical agent or placebo

Adverse effects of long‐term use of available topical agents · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6…
0 studies
No studies found

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to lower pain intensity (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
Long term (more than 3 months)
SMD -0.34 [-0.50, -0.18]
7 studies · 658 participants
GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Muscle palpation pain (long term) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… showed no clear difference in muscle palpation pain (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
Long term (more than 3 months)
Muscle palpation pain long term (greater than 3 months): 3 studies; results not pooled owing to substantial heterogeneity (I2=64%); insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for any individual intervention. One study…
3 studies
GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

OME resolution at long‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intranasal steroid spray vs control

OME resolution at long‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids probably leads to lower OME resolution at long‐term compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85
1 study · 144 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

OME resolution at long‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral steroids vs control

OME resolution at long‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs usual care

Relapse · patients with schizophrenia

ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION may leads to lower relapse: 1. Relapse for any reason ‐ long term compared with STANDARD CARE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychoeducation for schizophrenia 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.62, 0.85]
6 studies · 790 participants
Low

ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs usual care

Relapse: 2. Relapse with readmission ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia

ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION may leads to lower relapse: 2. Relapse with readmission ‐ long term compared with STANDARD CARE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychoeducation for schizophrenia 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.56, 0.89]
2 studies · 206 participants
Low

ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs usual care

Adverse event: Death ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia

ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION showed no clear difference in adverse event: Death ‐ long term compared with STANDARD CARE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychoeducation for schizophrenia 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.39 [0.24, 8.11]
2 studies · 344 participants
Low