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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,378 questions · 2,146 findings · 145 reviews

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No studies found 167 · 7.8%GRADE not reported 1,674 · 78%Very low 148 · 6.9%Low 113 · 5.3%Moderate 40 · 1.9%High 4 · 0.2%

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · Postmenopausal women (European ancestry)

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture (single-variable MR, OR 1.014).

2 findings from 1 review

Postbiotics from Lactobacillus spp. (cell-free supernatants, biosurfactants, lipoteichoic acid, bacterial lysates) vs No prior SDF application (untreated dentin control)

Reduced enamel demineralization · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro

A single in vitro study found postbiotics reduce enamel demineralization (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    Exposure 24 h to 7 days · Laboratory (in vitro)
    One in vitro multispecies-biofilm study reported that a postbiotic (L. reuteri cell-free supernatant) reduced enamel demineralization, indicating a protective effect against caries; no pooled estimate.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Lactobacillus-derived postbiotics vs Not specified

Virulence-gene expression related to adhesion acid production and exopolysaccharide synthesis · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro

No meta-analysis was conducted; the narrative synthesis reported reduced expression of Streptococcus mutans virulence genes.

1 finding from 1 review

Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers

IL-8 level · People who use electronic cigarettes

The review reports that GCF evidence was limited and may show a potential association.

3 findings from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Inhibition of S. sobrinus growth and biofilm formation (incl. ftf/gtfB/gtfC expression)
1 finding from 1 review

Postbiotic toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Increased salivary pH · children aged 6‐12 years

Postbiotic toothpaste raises salivary pH in one pediatric RCT (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Postbiotics and Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    4 weeks · Clinical; salivary/plaque sampling
    Postbiotic toothpaste significantly increased salivary pH versus fluoride toothpaste in children (Basir 2022); postbiotics are also proposed to buffer acidic pH; no pooled estimate.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Inhibition of mixed-species S. mutans-C. albicans biofilm and C. albicans virulence-gene (HWP1/ALS1/ALS3) downregulation
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Altered cariogenic-biofilm composition/architecture with reduced abundance of cariogenic species
1 finding from 1 review