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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Skills training vs standard care Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 | 1 study · 121 participants | Low |
Skills training vs standard care Substance use: Alcohol (C‐DIS‐R average score) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Skills training vs standard care Substance use: Drug (non‐alcohol) (C‐DIS‐R average score) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Integrated models of care vs standard care Substance use: any change ‐ Drug use (not in remission) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.63, 1.25] | 1 study · 85 participants | Low |
Skills training vs standard care Mental state · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Skills training vs standard care Social functioning*: Role Functioning Scale: scale 1 to 7 · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Skills training vs standard care Quality of life/life satisfaction ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing vs standard care Leaving the study early: Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.62, 1.59] | 1 study · 327 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing vs standard care Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.2, 1.76] | 4 studies · 603 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing vs standard care Substance use: Alcohol ( Estimated daily consumption in previous month) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing vs standard care Substance use: Drug (non‐alcohol) use (Average number of different drugs used during the past month measured by the Opiate Treatment Index) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 119 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing vs standard care Relapse:* Relapse at 3 months after 9 months of treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.24, 1.04] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing vs standard care Global State: GAF scale of 1‐ 100 · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 445 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing vs standard care Quality of life / life satisfaction: Brief Quality of Life Scale · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Integrated models of care vs standard care Mental state · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + psychosocial rehabilitation vs standard care Leavint the study early: Loss to Treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + psychosocial rehabilitation vs standard care Adverse event: Death ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + psychosocial rehabilitation vs standard care Substance use: Alcohol ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + psychosocial rehabilitation vs standard care Substance use: Drug (non‐alcohol) ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + psychosocial rehabilitation vs standard care Mental state ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + psychosocial rehabilitation vs standard care Global State‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + psychosocial rehabilitation vs standard care Quality of life/life satisfaction ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs standard care Leaving the study early: Loss to Treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs standard care Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs standard care Substance use: alcohol ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Integrated models of care vs standard care Global state: average score(GAF scale of 1 ‐ 100) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 171 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs standard care Substance use: Drug (non‐alcohol) ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs standard care Mental state ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs standard care Global State ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs standard care Quality of life/life satisfaction ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Integrated models of care vs standard care Quality of life/life satisfaction: avearge score (General life satisfaction) Quality of Life Interview section, scale of 1 to 7 · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 372 participants | Moderate |
Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs standard care Leaving the study early: Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.73, 1.99] | 3 studies · 134 participants | Very low |
Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs standard care Adverse event: Death ‐ not measured · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lorazepam vs Oxazepam Catatonia: clinically important change in catatonia symptoms (improved at least 50% on the VAS) · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.42, 2.16] | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Lorazepam vs Oxazepam Service use: duration of stay in hospital · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lorazepam vs Oxazepam Satisfaction with care: clinically important change in satisfaction by informal care‐givers · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lorazepam vs Oxazepam Satisfaction with care: clinically important change in satisfaction by recipients of care · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lorazepam vs Oxazepam Global state: clinically important change in global state (as defined by individual studies) · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lorazepam vs Oxazepam Adverse effects: incidence of clinically important adverse effect · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lorazepam vs Oxazepam General functioning: clinically important change in specific aspects of functioning, such as life skills ‒ as defined by each of the studies · catatonia in people with schizophrenia or SMI Benzodiazepines for catatonia in people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modafinil vs placebo Mental state: clinically important change in general mental state ‐ worsening psychosis · schizophrenia or related disorders Modafinil for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.28, 2.98] | 6 studies · 209 participants | Low |
Modafinil vs placebo Cognitive function: average endpoint score** · schizophrenia or related disorders Modafinil for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Modafinil vs placebo Adverse effect/event(s) ‐ serious adverse events · schizophrenia or related disorders Modafinil for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.06, 12.42] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Modafinil vs placebo Global state: clinically important change in global state · schizophrenia or related disorders Modafinil for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2019) · Cochrane | RR 6.36 [0.94, 43.07] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Modafinil vs placebo Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason · schizophrenia or related disorders Modafinil for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.63, 2.53] | 9 studies · 357 participants | Moderate |
Modafinil vs placebo Quality of life: average endpoint score** · schizophrenia or related disorders Modafinil for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Modafinil vs placebo Service use: hospital admission · schizophrenia or related disorders Modafinil for people with schizophrenia or related disorders (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.06, 12.42] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Peer support plus standard care vs standard care Service use: hospital admission – medium term · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.11, 1.75] | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Peer support plus standard care vs clinician‐led support plus standard care Global state: relapse · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peer support plus standard care vs clinician‐led support plus standard care Global state: clinically important change in global state · people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |