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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone Quality of life · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 578 participants | Low |
CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone Participant preference · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Pain intensity (various pain intensity scales; SMD) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.14 [0.01, 0.27] | 7 studies · 882 participants | Low |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Constipation ‐ all available data (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.66, 0.86] | 18 studies · 1894 participants | Low |
Naldemedine vs placebo Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movementsain the short termb · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low dose naldemedine vs higher doses Symptoms of opioid withdrawalfin the medium termb · people with cancer irrespective of whether they are receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Low dose naldemedine vs higher doses Serious adverse eventsg · people with cancer irrespective of whether they are receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 2.17] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Low dose naldemedine vs higher doses Adverse events · people with cancer irrespective of whether they are receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.67, 1.06] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Naloxone vs placebo Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the short terma · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Naloxone vs placebo Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the medium termb · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Naloxone vs placebo Laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel status at the end of trial · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Naloxone vs placebo Symptoms of opioid withdrawal in the medium term · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Ungraded |
Naloxone vs placebo Serious adverse events · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Naloxone vs placebo Adverse events · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Naloxone + oxycodone prolonged release tablets vs oxycodone prolonged‐released tablets Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the short terma · people with cancer irrespective of whether they were receiving palliative care opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Naldemedine vs placebo Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movementsain the medium termc · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2 [1.59, 2.52] | 2 studies · 418 participants | Moderate |
Naloxone + oxycodone prolonged release tablets vs oxycodone prolonged‐released tablets Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the medium termb · people with cancer irrespective of whether they were receiving palliative care opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Naloxone + oxycodone prolonged release tablets vs oxycodone prolonged‐released tablets Laxation response: Patient assessment of change in bowel statuscat the end of trial · people with cancer irrespective of whether they were receiving palliative care opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 212 participants | Low |
Naloxone + oxycodone prolonged release tablets vs oxycodone prolonged‐released tablets Symptoms of opioid withdrawalfin the medium termb · people with cancer irrespective of whether they were receiving palliative care opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Low |
Naloxone + oxycodone prolonged release tablets vs oxycodone prolonged‐released tablets Serious adverse eventsg · people with cancer irrespective of whether they were receiving palliative care opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.44, 1.06] | 3 studies · 362 participants | Very low |
Naloxone + oxycodone prolonged release tablets vs oxycodone prolonged‐released tablets Adverse events · people with cancer irrespective of whether they were receiving palliative care opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.87, 1.18] | 3 studies · 362 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone vs placebo Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movementsain the short termb · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.97 [2.13, 4.13] | 2 studies · 287 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone vs placebo Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movementsain the medium terme · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 8.15 [4.76, 13.95] | 2 studies · 305 participants | Moderate |
Methylnaltrexone vs placebo Laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel statusgat the end of trial · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.32 [1.64, 3.27] | 2 studies · 287 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone vs placebo Symptoms of opioid withdrawalhin the medium term · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone vs placebo Serious adverse eventsi · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.38, 0.93] | 2 studies · 364 participants | Low |
Naldemedine vs placebo Laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel status at the end of trial · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methylnaltrexone vs placebo Adverse events · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 | 3 studies · 518 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone lower dose vs higher dose Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movementsain the short termb · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.03, 1.41] | 2 studies · 135 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone lower dose vs higher dose Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movementsa,in the medium terme · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.91 [0.82, 10.39] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Methylnaltrexone lower dose vs higher dose Laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel statusgat the end of trial · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.71, 1.35] | 1 study · 102 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone lower dose vs higher dose Symptoms of opioid withdrawal in the medium term · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Low |
Methylnaltrexone lower dose vs higher dose Serious adverse events · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methylnaltrexone lower dose vs higher dose Adverse events · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [1, 1] | 2 studies · 135 participants | Low |
Naldemedine vs placebo Symptoms of opioid withdrawalein the medium termc · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.3 | 1 study · 112 participants | Very low |
Naldemedine vs placebo Serious adverse eventsh · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3.34 [0.85, 13.15] | 2 studies · 418 participants | Low |
Naldemedine vs placebo Adverse events · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [1.19, 1.87] | 2 studies · 418 participants | Moderate |
Low dose naldemedine vs higher doses Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the short terma · people with cancer irrespective of whether they are receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low dose naldemedine vs higher doses Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the medium termb,c · people with cancer irrespective of whether they are receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.53, 0.89] | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Low dose naldemedine vs higher doses Laxation response: patient assessment of change bowel status at end of trial · people with cancer irrespective of whether they are receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physiotherapy vs minimal care Oerlemans 1999 Pain (VAS 0 to 100) · adults with CRPS I Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physiotherapy vs minimal care Oerlemans 1999 Disability as measured by the impairment level sum score (5 to 50) Higher scores indicate greater impairment Measured 12 months post recruitment · adults with CRPS I Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Physiotherapy vs minimal care Incidence/nature of adverse effects · adults with CRPS I Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physiotherapy vs minimal care Pain (VAS 0 to 100) · adults with CRPS II Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physiotherapy vs minimal care Disability · adults with CRPS II Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physiotherapy vs minimal care Incidence/nature of adverse effects · adults with CRPS II Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs placebo Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.78, 1.86] | 1 study · 179 participants | Low |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs active comparator Much or very much improved on PGIC during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs active comparator Very much improved on PGIC during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical clonidine (TC) vs active comparator Withdrawals due to adverse events during longest · adults with painful diabetic neuropathy Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |