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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy

current versions

No studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Ethosuximide vs lamotrigine Normalisation of the EEG ‐ not reported · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ethosuximide vs valproate 80% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.19, 2.59]	1 study · 29 participants	Very low
Ethosuximide vs valproate 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 49 participants	Low
Ethosuximide vs valproate Normalisation of the EEG ‐ not reported · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lamotrigine vs valproate Seizure freedom at 12 months · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 405 participants	Moderate
Lamotrigine vs valproate 80% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ‐ not reported · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lamotrigine vs valproate 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency ‐ not reported · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lamotrigine vs valproate Normalisation of the EEG · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	RR 2.39 [1.14, 5.04]	1 study · 45 participants	Very low
Ethosuximide vs lamotrigine Seizure freedom at 12 months · absence seizures in children and adolescents Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.47 [0.33, 0.67]	1 study · 300 participants	High
Cannabidiol (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam (low, medium and high doses) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam (low, medium and high doses) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam (low, medium and high doses) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 4.12 [1.01, 16.87]	1 study · 238 participants	High
Felbamate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures (recorded by closed‐circuit television and electroencephalography) ‐ · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 2.92 [0.32, 26.77]	1 study · 73 participants	Low
Felbamate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 73 participants	Low
Felbamate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Felbamate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Felbamate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.97 [0.06, 14.97]	1 study · 73 participants	Low
Lamotrigine plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lamotrigine plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cannabidiol (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lamotrigine plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% median reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 2.12 [1.19, 3.76]	1 study · 167 participants	High
Lamotrigine plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.13, 1.82]	1 study · 169 participants	Low
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 2.84 [1.31, 6.18]	1 study · 138 participants	High
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 4.14 [0.49, 34.86]	1 study · 59 participants	Low
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs other ASM plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs other ASM plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs other ASM plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rufinamide plus ASMs vs other ASM plus ASMs Number of participants with treatment‐emergent adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.1, 9.57]	1 study · 37 participants	Low
Cannabidiol (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Topiramate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Topiramate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	Peto OR 8.22 [0.6, 112.62]	1 study · 98 participants	Low
Topiramate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Topiramate plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 98 participants	Low
Cannabidiol (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 6.62 [1.56, 28.15]	2 studies · 396 participants	High
Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age1 Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 56 participants	Very low
Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 75% reduction in mean weekly seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age1 Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	Peto OR 9.35 [0.45, 194.96]	1 study · 56 participants	Very low
Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with ≥ 50% reduction in mean weekly seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age1 Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.15 [0.47, 2.86]	1 study · 56 participants	Very low
Cinromide plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants with adverse events leading to study discontinuation · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age1 Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Clobazam (low, medium and high doses) plus ASMs vs placebo plus ASMs Number of participants free from all seizures · Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, any age Anti‐seizure medications for Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Immediate treatment vs controls Seizure recurrence at 5 years after randomisation · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.68, 0.89]	2 studies · 1212 participants	High
Immediate treatment vs controls Five‐year immediate remission after randomisation · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.25 [1.02, 1.54]	2 studies · 1212 participants	High
Immediate treatment vs controls Five‐year remission at any time after randomisation · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.87, 1.21]	2 studies · 1212 participants	High
Immediate treatment vs controls Seizure recurrence at 1 year after randomisation · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.42, 0.58]	6 studies · 1634 participants	High
Immediate treatment vs controls Mortality at the end of the · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.16 [0.69, 1.95]	2 studies · 1212 participants	High
Immediate treatment vs controls Adverse events (control ‐ deferred treatment) · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [1.23, 1.79]	2 studies · 1212 participants	Moderate
Immediate treatment vs controls Adverse events (control ‐ no treatment) · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 14.5 [1.93, 108.76]	1 study · 118 participants	Low
Immediate treatment vs controls Adverse events (control ‐ placebo) · patients with first unprovoked seizure Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure (2021) · Cochrane	RR 4.91 [1.1, 21.93]	1 study · 228 participants	Moderate