What do systematic reviews say?

Therapeutic community vs treatment

Therapeutic community probably leads to lower re‐incarceration compared with treatment (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.24, 0.67]
  2 studies · 266 participants
  Moderate

Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model vs treatment

Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model showed no clear difference in re‐incarceration to jail compared with treatment (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.62, 1.01]
  1 study · 235 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs treatment

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and standard therapy changes incarceration at 3 months compared with treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.04, 4.68]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.51 [0.2, 1.27]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low

Collaborative case management vs treatment

Collaborative case management showed no clear difference in reincarceration at 9 months compared with treatment (low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.32, 1.57]
  1 study · 77 participants
  Low

Therapeutic community vs work release

It is very uncertain whether therapeutic community changes incarcerated for drug offences at 18 months compared with work release (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.87, 2.42]
  1 study · 112 participants
  Very low

Intensive discharge planning and case management vs prison only

Intensive discharge planning and case management showed no clear difference in incarceration compared with prison only (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.86, 1.39]
  1 study · 511 participants
  Moderate

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies showed no clear difference in reincarcerated at 12 months after parole compared with prison therapeutic community (low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.43, 1.12]
  1 study · 115 participants
  Low

Rutosides vs placebo (or no treatment)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Rutosides for treatment of post‐thrombotic syndrome 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rutosides vs compression stockings

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Rutosides for treatment of post‐thrombotic syndrome 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rutosides vs an alternative venoactive remedy (hidrosmina)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Rutosides for treatment of post‐thrombotic syndrome 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mesh vs non‐mesh repair

Mesh leads to lower surgical complications ‐ neurovascular or visceral injury compared with non‐mesh repair (high certainty).

• Mesh versus non‐mesh for inguinal and femoral hernia repair 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.61 [0.49, 0.76]
  24 studies · 6293 participants
  High

Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing

Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with directed pushing (low certainty).

• Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.45, 1.66]
  1 study · 320 participants
  Low

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).

• Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.14]
  7 studies · 2775 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Enzyme replacement therapy for Anderson‐Fabry disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 39 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Enzyme replacement therapy for Anderson‐Fabry disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Enzyme replacement therapy for Anderson‐Fabry disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 58 participants
  Very low

Misoprostol vs placebo or no treatment before operative hysteroscopy

Misoprostol probably leads to lower specific intraoperative complications ‐ Cervical laceration/tear compared with placebo or no treatment before operative hysteroscopy (moderate certainty).

• Preoperative ripening of the cervix before operative hysteroscopy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.25 [0.11, 0.57]
  9 studies · 669 participants
  Moderate

Radially expanding trocars vs cutting trocars

It is very uncertain whether radially expanding trocars changes visceral injury compared with cutting trocars (very low certainty).

• Trocar types in laparoscopy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.95 [0.06, 15.32]
  4 studies · 473 participants
  Very low

Radially expanding trocars vs Blunt trocars

• Trocar types in laparoscopy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 28 participants
  Very low

Single‐bladed trocar vs pyramidal‐bladed trocar

• Trocar types in laparoscopy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 28 participants
  Very low