Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number experiencing adverse effects · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Diarrhoea · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Titrated oxygen therapy may leads to lower mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Arterial blood gas (pH) · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Ventilation of any type · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Titrated oxygen therapy showed no clear difference in ventilation of any type compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Length of hospital stay · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Lung function ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Dyspnoea score ‐ not measured · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse events mild adverse events · children aged over eight and adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection with P aeruginosa
1 finding from 1 review
Need for antibiotics days of antibiotic use · children aged over eight and adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection with P aeruginosa
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
QoL · children aged over eight and adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection with P aeruginosa
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Sputum microbiology · children aged over eight and adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection with P aeruginosa
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Inflammatory markers · children aged over eight and adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection with P aeruginosa
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
FEV1 (% predicted): mean change from baseline · children aged over eight and adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection with P aeruginosa
Summary of findings: garlic supplementation showed no clear difference in respiratory function change from baseline in % predicted FEV1 compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
In‐hospital postoperative mortality · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Glucocorticoid showed no clear difference in in‐hospital postoperative mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation · Children having heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
1 finding from 1 review