Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,296 questions · 1,330 findings · 157 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 297 · 22.3%GRADE not reported 88 · 6.6%Very low 327 · 24.6%Low 317 · 23.8%Moderate 239 · 18%High 62 · 4.7%

Metronidazole vs placebo

Malodour (smell score measured on a scale of 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating a more offensive smell) · treating malignant wounds

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic antibiotics for treating malignant wounds 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 6 participants
Very low

Metronidazole vs placebo

Adverse effects · treating malignant wounds

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic antibiotics for treating malignant wounds 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 6 participants
GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs no treatment

Change in BCVA (lower logMAR indicate better vision) · People with toxoplasma retinochoroiditis

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 93 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs no treatment

or more recurrences of retinochoroiditis · People with toxoplasma retinochoroiditis

Antibiotic probably leads to lower or more recurrences of retinochoroiditis compared with no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.26 [0.11, 0.63]
3 studies · 227 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs no treatment

Improvement in intraocular inflammation · People with toxoplasma retinochoroiditis

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in improvement in intraocular inflammation compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.76 [0.98, 3.19]
1 study · 29 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs no treatment

Size of lesion · People with toxoplasma retinochoroiditis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs no treatment

Adverse events · People with toxoplasma retinochoroiditis

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3 [0.37, 24.17]
1 study · 20 participants
Low

Monotherapy vs combination therapy

All‐cause mortality; · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality; compared with combination therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.97 [0.73, 1.3]
4 studies · 1163 participants
Moderate

Monotherapy vs combination therapy

Clinical cure · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

It is very uncertain whether monotherapy changes clinical cure (ITT) compared with combination therapy (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.56, 1.36]
2 studies · 350 participants
Very low
Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.97 [0.56, 1.68]
2 studies · 228 participants
Very low

Monotherapy vs combination therapy

Adverse events · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with combination therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.68, 1.26]
2 studies · 921 participants
Moderate

Monotherapy vs combination therapy

Duration of ICU stay · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 813 participants
Moderate

Carbapenems vs non‐carbapenems

All‐cause mortality; · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

Carbapenems showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality; compared with non‐carbapenems (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.59 [0.3, 1.19]
1 study · 253 participants
Moderate

Carbapenems vs non‐carbapenems

Clinical cure · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

Carbapenems probably leads to higher clinical cure (ITT) compared with non‐carbapenems (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.53 [1.11, 2.12]
3 studies · 598 participants
Moderate
Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.29 [1.19, 4.43]
2 studies · 163 participants
Moderate

Carbapenems vs non‐carbapenems

Adverse events · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

Carbapenems showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with non‐carbapenems (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.56, 1.09]
3 studies · 1510 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Otitis media

The intervention showed no clear difference in otitis media (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for preventing suppurative complications from undifferentiated acute respiratory infections in children… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.45, 1.11]
3 studies · 414 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pneumonia ‐ 12 to 58 months of age · children under 5 years of age with undifferentiated ARI

The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia ‐ 12 to 58 months of age (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for preventing suppurative complications from undifferentiated acute respiratory infections in children… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.71, 1.69]
1 study · 563 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pneumonia ‐ 0 to 11 months of age · children under 5 years of age with undifferentiated ARI

The intervention showed no clear difference in pneumonia ‐ 0 to 11 months of age (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for preventing suppurative complications from undifferentiated acute respiratory infections in children… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.52, 1.76]
1 study · 326 participants
Moderate

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) vs usual care

Reconsultations · patients (or parents of child patients) with acute upper respiratory tract infections

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) showed no clear difference in reconsultation rates compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.47, 1.32]
1 study · 3471 participants
Moderate

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) vs usual care

Patient satisfaction with consultation · patients (or parents of child patients) with acute upper respiratory tract infections

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) showed no clear difference in patient satisfaction with consultation compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.87, 1.03]
1 study · 2201 participants
Moderate

Clindamycin vs penicillin plus chloramphenicol compared to for

Fever index (mean degree‐hour) ‐ all women · patients with septic abortion

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for treating septic abortion 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Moderate