Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

current versions
No studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes)
Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes)
Gestational weight gain · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 22 participantsVery low
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes)
Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes)
Childhood/adulthood diabetes · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes)
Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes)
Postnatal depression · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes)
Induction of labour · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes)
Later development of cardiovascular disease · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes)
Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes)
Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 22 participantsLow
Bromocriptine vs no treatment
Miscarriages · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.28 [0.09, 0.87]1 study · 46 participantsLow
Bromocriptine vs no treatment
Live births · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.5 [0.93, 2.42]1 study · 46 participantsVery low
Bromocriptine vs no treatment
Conception · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.92 [0.77, 1.09]1 study · 46 participantsVery low
Bromocriptine vs no treatment
Proportion reduction in serum prolactin levels · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Bromocriptine vs no treatment
Serum prolactin normalization · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Bromocriptine vs no treatment
Adverse maternal effects · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Bromocriptine vs no treatment
Adverse fetal outcomes · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise
Extended perinatal mortality · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.17 [0.67, 2.04]1 study · 587 participantsModerate
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise
Serious neonatal morbidity (composite outcome including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 2 participantsUngraded
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise
Death or disability at or after 2 years · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.22 [0.85, 1.75]1 study · 573 participantsModerate
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise
Caesarean section · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.15 [1.07, 1.24]1 study · 547 participantsHigh
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise
Infant admission to neonatal intensive care or special care facility · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise
Respiratory distress syndrome (as defined by trialists) · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.73 [0.57, 0.94]8 studies · 2916 participantsVery low
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Satisfaction with pain relief (number of women who reported that they felt they had adequate pain relief) · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.06 [0.94, 1.2]1 study · 264 participantsLow
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Pethidine Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 72 participantsLow
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Entenox Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 357 participantsLow
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Self‐hypnosis Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 160 participantsLow
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Epidural Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 127 participantsLow
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Water immersion Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 174 participantsLow
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Coping in labour · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 420 participantsLow
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all
Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.96, 1.32]6 studies · 2361 participantsLow
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care
Perinatal mortality · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care
Preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.48 [0.34, 0.68]1 study · 94 participantsVery low
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care
Neonatal sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.64 [0.28, 1.46]1 study · 94 participantsVery low
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care
Chorioamnionitis (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care
Respiratory distress syndrome (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.64 [0.28, 1.46]1 study · 94 participantsVery low
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care
Postpartum endometritis/other sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care
Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care
Preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care
Neonatal sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.19 [0.28, 5.09]1 study · 35 participantsVery low
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care
Respiratory distress syndrome (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care
Chorioamnionitis (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.19 [0.28, 5.09]1 study · 35 participantsVery low
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care
Postpartum endometritis/other sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care
Perinatal mortality · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care
Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.38 [0.19, 0.75]1 study · 94 participantsVery low
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion
Maternal death · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy
Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 72 participantsVery low
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion
Severe maternal morbidity (pulmonary embolism) · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy
Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 72 participantsVery low
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion
Severe maternal morbidity (congestive cardiac failure) · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy
Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.07, 15.38]1 study · 72 participantsVery low
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion
Perinatal death · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy
Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane
RR 2.85 [0.61, 13.22]1 study · 76 participantsVery low