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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Gestational weight gain · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood diabetes · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Postnatal depression · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Induction of labour · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Later development of cardiovascular disease · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Bromocriptine vs no treatment Miscarriages · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.09, 0.87] | 1 study · 46 participants | Low |
Bromocriptine vs no treatment Live births · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.93, 2.42] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Bromocriptine vs no treatment Conception · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.77, 1.09] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Bromocriptine vs no treatment Proportion reduction in serum prolactin levels · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Bromocriptine vs no treatment Serum prolactin normalization · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Bromocriptine vs no treatment Adverse maternal effects · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Bromocriptine vs no treatment Adverse fetal outcomes · women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise Extended perinatal mortality · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.67, 2.04] | 1 study · 587 participants | Moderate |
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise Serious neonatal morbidity (composite outcome including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise Death or disability at or after 2 years · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.85, 1.75] | 1 study · 573 participants | Moderate |
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise Caesarean section · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [1.07, 1.24] | 1 study · 547 participants | High |
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise Infant admission to neonatal intensive care or special care facility · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate vs deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise Respiratory distress syndrome (as defined by trialists) · pregnant women at less than 36 weeks' gestation in whom there is clinical suspicion of fetal compromise Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.57, 0.94] | 8 studies · 2916 participants | Very low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Satisfaction with pain relief (number of women who reported that they felt they had adequate pain relief) · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.94, 1.2] | 1 study · 264 participants | Low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Pethidine Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Entenox Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 357 participants | Low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Self‐hypnosis Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 160 participants | Low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Epidural Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 127 participants | Low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Satisfaction with pain relief (reported 2 weeks postnatal) ‐ Water immersion Seven‐point scale: 7 = most satisfaction · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 174 participants | Low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Coping in labour · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 420 participants | Low |
Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy vs all Spontaneous vaginal birth · pregnant women Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.96, 1.32] | 6 studies · 2361 participants | Low |
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care Perinatal mortality · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care Preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.34, 0.68] | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care Neonatal sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.28, 1.46] | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care Chorioamnionitis (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care Respiratory distress syndrome (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.28, 1.46] | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care Postpartum endometritis/other sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care Preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care Neonatal sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.28, 5.09] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care Respiratory distress syndrome (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care Chorioamnionitis (as defined in individual trials) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.28, 5.09] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
SOF Cervical adapter vs standard care Postpartum endometritis/other sepsis · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care Perinatal mortality · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
SOF Immunological sealant vs standard care Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.19, 0.75] | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion Maternal death · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion Severe maternal morbidity (pulmonary embolism) · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion Severe maternal morbidity (congestive cardiac failure) · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.07, 15.38] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion Perinatal death · patients with sickle cell disease in pregnancy Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.85 [0.61, 13.22] | 1 study · 76 participants | Very low |