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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Comparison between rooming‐in vs separate care Duration of any breastfeeding · 176 healthy mother‐infant dyads after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (rooming‐in: 132, separate care: 44) Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison between rooming‐in vs separate care Proportion of women exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months · 176 healthy mother‐infant dyads after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (rooming‐in: 132, separate care: 44) Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison between rooming‐in vs separate care Proportion of women with any breastfeeding at 6 months (nearly exclusive breastfeeding) · 176 healthy mother‐infant dyads after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (rooming‐in: 132, separate care: 44) Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.51, 1.39] | 1 study · 137 participants | Low |
Comparison between rooming‐in vs separate care Frequency of breastfeeding per day · 176 healthy mother‐infant dyads after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (rooming‐in: 132, separate care: 44) Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | High |
Comparison between rooming‐in vs separate care Exclusive breastfeeding at day 4 postpartum · 176 healthy mother‐infant dyads after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (rooming‐in: 132, separate care: 44) Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 [1.34, 2.76] | 1 study · 153 participants | Low |
Comparison between rooming‐in vs separate care Maternal level of confidence in breastfeeding · 176 healthy mother‐infant dyads after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (rooming‐in: 132, separate care: 44) Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison between rooming‐in vs separate care Neonatal infection · 176 healthy mother‐infant dyads after normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (rooming‐in: 132, separate care: 44) Rooming‐in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nitric oxide donors vs placebo Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours · pregnant women undergoing cervical ripening and induction of labour Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.83, 1.15] | 1 study · 238 participants | Low |
Nitric oxide donors vs placebo Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · pregnant women undergoing cervical ripening and induction of labour Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.62] | 2 studies · 300 participants | Low |
Nitric oxide donors vs placebo Caesarean section · pregnant women undergoing cervical ripening and induction of labour Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.88, 1.11] | 9 studies · 2624 participants | Moderate |
Nitric oxide donors vs placebo Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death · pregnant women undergoing cervical ripening and induction of labour Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [0.08, 33.26] | 2 studies · 1712 participants | Low |
Nitric oxide donors vs placebo Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women undergoing cervical ripening and induction of labour Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1362 participants | Ungraded |
Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction Proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at 4‐6 months · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.09] | 1 study · 970 participants | Moderate |
Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction Duration of full or exclusive breastfeeding · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction Breastfeeding difficulties · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction Maternal satisfaction and level of confidence in parenting · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction Infant otitis media · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction Infant dental malocclusion · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Serious perinatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood diabetes · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 5.29 [0.23, 122.91] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Caesarean section · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.22, 6.5] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Perineal trauma · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Gestational weight gain · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Postnatal depression · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Caesarean section · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.49, 1.73] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Induction of labour · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Later development of cardiovascular disease · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age (birthweight > 90th centile) · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Serious perinatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood diabetes · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight vs moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.99] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Perineal trauma · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Caesarean section · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.1, 0.78] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Perineal trauma · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Gestational weight gain · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Postnatal depression · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Induction of labour · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Later development of cardiovascular disease · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age (birthweight > 90th centile) · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.01 [0, 0.2] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0, 1.37] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Tight‐moderate vs loose glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Serious perinatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |