Hospital admissions · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participants in included studies had an average baseline FEV1 of around 40% predicted and…
Tiotropium probably leads to lower hospital admissions (all‐cause) compared with ipratropium (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (all‐cause) · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participants in included studies had an average baseline FEV1 of around 40% predicted and…
Tiotropium showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with ipratropium (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life ( · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participants in included studies had an average baseline FEV1 of around 40% predicted and…
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participants in included studies had an average baseline FEV1 of around 40% predicted and…
Tiotropium leads to lower patients with one or more exacerbations compared with ipratropium (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment withdrawal · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participants in included studies had an average baseline FEV1 of around 40% predicted and…
Tiotropium leads to lower withdrawals compared with ipratropium (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
At least 50% of maximum pain relief over 4 to 6 h · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
The intervention leads to higher at least 50% of maximum pain relief over 4 to 6 h (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 4.1 [2.8, 5.9]
Studies not reported
High
Intervention not reported
Participants with at least 1 adverse event · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
The intervention showed no clear difference in participants with at least 1 adverse event (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.2 [0.84, 1.7]
Studies not reported
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Participants with a serious adverse event · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Deaths · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Chlorhexidine spray vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care)
Outcome not reported · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Chlorhexidine toothpaste vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care)
Outcome not reported · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Presence of new caries in the primary teeth · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…
It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine gel (0.12%) changes presence of new caries in the primary teeth compared with no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain, quality of life, patient satisfaction or costs · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Chlorhexidine chewing gum vs Placebo or no intervention (including routine care)
Outcome not reported · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Elevated mutans streptococci levels (>=4 with caries screen; high vs low) · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…
It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine varnish (10%) changes elevated mutans streptococci levels (>=4 with caries screen; high vs… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries: dmfs increment (primary teeth) · Children and adolescents below 18 years at study start (included studies: children from birth to 15 years), with mixed, permanent or…
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
At least 50% of maximum pain relief over 4 to 6 hours · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
The intervention leads to higher at least 50% of maximum pain relief over 4 to 6 hours (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 5.6 [4, 7.8]
Studies not reported
High
Intervention not reported
Participants with at least 1 adverse event · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
The intervention showed no clear difference in participants with at least 1 adverse event (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.93 [0.74, 1.2]
Studies not reported
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Participants with a serious adverse event · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Intervention not reported
Deaths · adults with moderate or severe acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low