Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,156 questions · 1,179 findings · 198 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 250 · 21.2%GRADE not reported 43 · 3.6%Very low 236 · 20%Low 395 · 33.5%Moderate 208 · 17.6%High 47 · 4%

Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment

Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ high dose clonidine, studies with lower risk of bias · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine probably leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine vs midazolam

Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ low dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine may leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with midazolam (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine vs midazolam

Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ high dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine may leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with midazolam (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine vs midazolam

Haemodynamic or respiratory changes requiring intervention · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine probably leads to lower haemodynamic or respiratory changes requiring intervention compared with midazolam (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine vs fentanyl

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine showed no clear difference in number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively compared with fentanyl (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzbromarone vs probenecid

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with chronic gout

Benzbromarone may leads to lower withdrawal due to adverse events compared with probenecid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probenecid vs allopurinol

Acute gout attacks · people with chronic gout

Probenecid showed no clear difference in acute gout attacks compared with allopurinol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probenecid vs allopurinol

Serum urate normalisation ≤ 5 mg/dL (≤ 0.3 mmol/L) ‐ not measured · people with chronic gout

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Benzbromarone vs allopurinol

Serum urate normalisation ‐ not reported · people with chronic gout

Benzbromarone showed no clear difference in serum urate normalisation compared with allopurinol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review